Molecular Characterization of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii with Special Reference to Carbapenemases: A Systematic Review

Figures & data

Table 1 Carbapenemases in A.baumannii (Higgins et al, 2010; Lin and Lan, 2014; Cicek et al, 2014; Evans and Amyes, 2014; Cayô et al, 2015; Azizi et al, 2016; Kumar, 2016; Lee et al, 2017; Al-Agamy et al, 2017; Vrancianu et al, 2020; Ramirez et al, 2020)

Class D carbapenemases
OXA-51 family	OXA-51,OXA-64,OXA-65,OXA-66,OXA-67,OXA-68,OXA-69,OXA-70,OXA-71,OXA-75, OXA-76,OXA-77,OXA-78,OXA-79,OXA-80,OXA-82,OXA-83,OXA-84,OXA-86, OXA-87, OXA-88, OXA-89,OXA-90, OXA-91,OXA-92,OXA-93,OXA-94, OXA-95,OXA-98, OXA-99, OXA-100, OXA-104, OXA-106,OXA-107,OXA-108, OXA-109,OXA-110,OXA-111,OXA-112, OXA-113,OXA-115,OXA-117, OXA-120, OXA-121,OXA-122,OXA-123,OXA-124,OXA-125,OXA-126,OXA-127,OXA-128,OXA-130,OXA-131, OXA-132, OXA-144, OXA-148,OXA-149,OXA-150,OXA-172, OXA-173,OXA-174,OXA-175,OXA-176,OXA-177,OXA-178, OXA-179,OXA-180, OXA-200,OXA-201,OXA-202,OXA-203,OXA-206, OXA-208, OXA-216,OXA-217, OXA-219,OXA-223, OXA-234,OXA-241, OXA-242,OXA-248,OXA-249,OXA-250, OXA-254, OXA-259,OXA-260,OXA-261,OXA-262,OXA-263, OXA-312,OXA-313,OXA-314,OXA-315,OXA-316,OXA-317,OXA-336,OXA-337,0XA-338,OXA-339,OXA-340,OXA-341,OXA-342,OXA-343,OXA-344,OXA-345,OXA-346,OXA-365,OXA-371,OXA-374,OXA-375,OXA-376,OXA-377,OXA-378,OXA-379,OXA-380,OXA-381,OXA-382,OXA-383,OXA-384,OXA-385,OXA-386, OXA-387,OXA-388,OXA-389,OXA-390,OXA-391,OXA-400, OXA-401,OXA-402,OXA-403, OXA-404,OXA-406,OXA-407,OXA-408,OXA-409,OXA-411,OXA-412,OXA-413,OXA-414, OXA-424, OXA-425, OXA-426,OXA-429,OXA-430,OXA-431,OXA-432,OXA-433,OXA-441,OXA-442,OXA-480,OXA-497,OXA-507,OXA-508,OXA-509,OXA-510,OXA-511,OXA-516,OXA-521,OXA-523,OXA-524,OXA-525,OXA-528,OXA-529,OXA-530,OXA-531,OXA-532,OXA-536,OXA-545,OXA-554,OXA-555,OXA-556,OXA-557,OXA-558,OXA-559,OXA-560,OXA-561,OXA-562,OXA-654,OXA-680,OXA-682,OXA-683,OXA-684,OXA-685,OXA-686,OXA-687,OXA-6688,OXA-689,OXA-690,OXA-691,OXA-692, OXA-693,OXA-694,OXA-695,OXA-696, OXA-697,OXA-698,OXA-699,OXA-700,OXA-701,OXA-702,OXA-703,OXA-704,OXA-705, OXA-706,OXA-707,OXA-708,OXA-709, OXA-710,OXA-711,OXA-712,OXA-713,OXA-714,OXA-715,OXA-716,OXA-718,OXA-719, OXA-720,OXA-721,OXA-722,OXA-723, OXA-733,OXA-734,OXA-735,OXA-738,OXA-739,OXA-740,OXA-741,OXA-742,OXA-743,OXA-744,OXA-745,OXA-746,OXA-747, OXA-748,OXA-749,OXA-750,OXA-751,OXA-752,OXA-753,OXA-754,OXA-755,OXA-756,OXA-757,OXA-758,OXA-759,OXA-760, OXA-761,OXA-762,OXA-763,OXA-764,OXA-765,OXA-766,OXA-767,OXA-768,OXA-769,OXA-770,OXA-771,OXA-772,OXA-773, OXA-774,OXA-775,OXA-776,OXA-781,OXA-782,OXA-797,OXA-798,OXA-799,OXA-800,OXA-828,OXA-829,OXA-831,OXA-834, OXA-852,OXA-853,OXA-854,OXA-855,OXA-856,OXA-857,OXA-858,OXA-859,OXA-860,OXA-861,OXA-862,OXA-863,OXA-864, OXA-865,OXA-866,OXA-867,OXA-868,OXA-869,OXA-870,OXA-871,OXA-872,OXA-873,OXA-874,OXA-875,OXA-876,OXA-877, OXA-878, OXA-879, OXA-880,OXA-881,OXA-882,OXA-883,OXA-884,OXA-885, OXA-886, OXA-887,OXA-889,OXA-890,OXA-891,OXA-892,OXA-916,OXA-927,OXA-938,OXA-939,OXA-940,OXA-954,OXA-955, OXA-970,OXA-971,OXA-972,OXA973,OXA-974,OXA-975,OXA-976,OXA977,OXA-1013,OXA-1047,OXA-1048,OXA-1058,OXA-1059, OXA-1060,OXA-1061,OXA-1062,OXA-1063,OXA-1064,OXA-1065,OXA-1066,OXA-1067,OXA-1068,OXA-1069,OXA-1070, OXA-1071,OXA-1072,OXA-1073,OXA-1074, OXA-1075,OXA-1076,OXA-1077,OXA-1078,OXA-1079,OXA-1080,OXA-1092,OXA-1093, OXA-1094,OXA-1096,OXA-1097,OXA-1098,OXA-1117,OXA-1118 Lin and Lan, 2014
OXA-23 family	OXA-23, OXA-27, OXA-49, OXA-134,OXA-146,OXA-165,OXA-166, OXA-167, OXA-168, OXA-169,OXA-170, OXA171,OXA-225, OXA-239,OXA-366,OXA-398,OXA-422,OXA-423,OXA-435,OXA-440,OXA-482,OXA-483,OXA-565,OXA-657,OXA-893,OXA-911
OXA-24 family	OXA-24,OXA-25,OXA-26, OXA-27,OXA-72,OXA-139, OXA-160, OXA-207,OXA-437,897,OXA-1040,
OXA-58 family	OXA-58, OXA-96,OXA97,OXA-164,OXA-397,OXA-420,OXA-512 ()
OXA-143 family	OXA-143,OXA-182,OXA-231,OXA-253,OXA-182,OXA-825
OXA-134 family	OXA-235,OXA-236, OXA-237
Class B metallo-β-lactamases (Lee et al, 2017; Lin and Lan, 2014; Azizi et al, 2016; Cayô et al, 2015; Kumar, 2016; Vrancianu et al, 2020; Ramirez et al, 2020)
VIM (Verona integron - encoded metallo-β- lactamase)	VIM-1,VIM-2, VIM-3,VIM-4,VIM-6,VIM-11,VIM-25
IMP(Imipenemase)	IMP-1, IMP-2, IMP-4,IMP-5,IMP-6,IMP-8, IMP-10, IMP-11, IMP-14, IMP-19,IMP-55
NDM (New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase)	NDM-1, NDM-2, NDM,3,NDM-5,NDM-6,NDM-40,NDM-42
SIM (Seoul imipenemase)	SIM-1
Class A β-lactamases (Lin and Lan, 2014; Cicek et al, 2014; Lee et al, 2017; Al-Agamy et al, 2017; Vrancianu et al, 2020; Ramirez et al, 2020)
KPCs (Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases)	KPC-2,KPC-3,KPC-4, KPC-10
GES-type (Guiana extended spectrum)	GES-5, GES-11, GES-12,GES-14, GES-22

Table 2 Carbapenemase Genes Dissemination in A. baumannii from Various Countries in the Last Three Years (2019–2021)

Region	Year of Sample Collection	Isolates with Carbapenemase Genes (%Age)	Isolates with Coexistence of Genes in Isolate (% Age of Isolates)	Presence or Upstream of Insertion Sequence to carbapenemase Genes Transposon and Integron	Reference
Madagascar	2008–2016	*OXA-51-like (OXA-65, OXA-66, OXA-67 and OXA-69) (100%), OXA-23 (53.3%), OXA-24(13.3%), OXA-58 (6.7%)		*ISAba1/ OXA-23 (100%) embedded in *Tn2008 and Tn2006	[137]
Egypt	2010 and 2015	*OXA-51 (100%),OXA23 (100%), OXA58 (1.4%) *VIM (100%), NDM-1 (12.1%) *IMP,SIM,SPM,GIM,KPC,OXA40-ND		*ISAba1(100%), ISAba2 (2.7%) and ISAba3 (4%)	[15]
Taif, Saudi Arabia	Dec 2016–May2017	*OXA-51(100%), OXA-23 (59.4%), OXA-40 (3.1%) *IMP (87.5%),NDM (62.5%), VIM (9.4%), *KPC,OXA-48,OXA-58,OXA-181-ND			[138]
Morocco	Apr 2015–Jul 2016	*OXA-51-like (100%),OXA23 (69.6%) *NDM (21.7%),GES (65.2%) *OXA58,OXA-24,VIM,OXA48,KPC-ND	GES, NDM and OXA23 (13.%),		[139]
China	Jan–Dec 2016	*OXA-51-like (100%),OXA-23 (94%), OXA-58 (1.5%) *VIM (80.6%) *OXA-24, NDM, SPM, and IMP-ND	OXA-23 and VIM (74.6%)	*ISAba1/ OXA-51-+ ISAba1/ OXA-51 (88.9%) *Tn2008 (79.1%)	[140]
Turkey	2012 (6 months)	*OXA-51(100%),OXA-23 (96%),OXA-58 (3%), OXA-24 *IMP,KPC,NDM,OXA-48-ND			[141]
India	2015–2017	*OXA-51-like (100%),OXA-23-like(97%) *NDM-like (17%), *OXA-24-like,OXA-58-like,IMP-like,VIM-like,SIM-like,SPM-like,KPC-like,GES-like-ND		*ISAba1/OXA-23 (n=25)	[142]
Turkey	Jan 2014–Jul 2015	*OXA-51 like (100%), OXA23-like (100%) *IMP,VIM,NDM,KPC,GES,OXA-24,OXA-58-ND			[143]
Central China	Jan 2017–Jan 2018	*OXA-51-like (100%), OXA-23-like (100%) *OXA-24,OXA-58,OXA-143,IMP,VIM, NDM-ND		*All isolates except isolate 19 showed ISAba1/ OXA-51/OXA-23	[144]
Southern Vietnam	Sep 2017–Mar 2018	*OXA-51-like(100%), OXA-23-like (78.4%), OXA-58-like (10.3%), *NDM-1(6.2%)	OXA-51-like and OXA-23-like (67%), OXA-51-like and OXA-58-like (2.1%), OXA-51-like and NDM-1 (1%), OXA-51-like and OXA-23-like and NDM-1 (6.2%),OXA-51-like,OXA-23-like, OXA-58- like and NDM-1 (2.06%)		[145]
Kampala, Uganda	Jan 2015–Jul 2017	*OXA-51(100%) OXA-23 (29%), OXA-24(24%) * VIM (100%) *OXA-58, IMP, SPM,NDM,KPC-ND	OXA-23 and OXA-24 (14%)	*Integron-1 (62%)	[69]
Tehran, Iran	2016–2018	*OXA-51-like (100%), OXA-23-like (53.57%), OXA-24-like (41.67%), OXA-58-like (30.95%)	OXA-51, OXA-23 and OXA-24 (3.57%), OXA-51, OXA-23 and OXA-58 (20.23%),OXA-51, OXA-24 and OXA-58(10.7%) OXA-51,OXA-23 OXA-24 and OXA-58 (1.19%)	* ISAba1/OXA-23-like (71.11%) and ISAba1/OXA-58-like (15.38%)	[146]
Ahvaz, Iran	Jul 2017–Mar 2018	*IMP(IMP-4 and IMP-19) (12.98%), VIM (VIM-1 VIM-2 and VIM-25) (22.07%), SIM (2.59%), SPM (5.19%) *GIM, DIM and NDM-ND	VIM and IMP (3.89%)	*intI 1 (34/77), intI 2 (10/77),intI 1 and intI 2 (15/77).	[65]
Sao Paulo, Brazil	2008–2014	*OXA-51-like (100%), OXA-23-like (97.2%), OXA-231 (1.9%), OXA-72 (0.9%) *OXA-58-like, KPC, NDM, SPM, IMP, VIM-ND		*ISAba1 /OXA−23−like (97.2%)	[147]
Shahrekord, Southwest Iran	Jun 2013–Jun 2014	*OXA-51 (100%) *VIM-1 (23%), IMP-1 (3%)			[148]
Iran	Jan 2016–Jul 2018	*OXA-51-like (100%), OXA-23-like (85.1%),OXA-40-like (54.5%). *OXA-58-like,OXA-143-like and OXA-253-like-ND	OXA23 and OXA-40 (54.7%) of XDR A.baumannii	*ISAba1 element associated with 25.8% of OXA-51-like and 98.5% of OXA- 23-like	[149]
Chandigarh,India	Aug 2013–Jan 2014	*OXA-51(100%),OXA-23(98%)OXA-58(2%), *VIM(49.3%),NDM-1(18.7%) *OXA-24,IMP,KPC,OXA-48- ND	OXA-23 and VIM (45.3%),OXA-23 and NDM-1 (15.3%)		[150]
Gorgan, Northern Iran	May 2016–Jun 2017	*OXA-51-like (100%), OXA-23-like (77.27%), OXA-24/40 (43.18%) *OXA-58-like, OXA-143-like-ND			[151]
Egypt	Aug 2017–Oct 2018	*OXA-51(100%), OXA-24-like (65.2%), OXA-23(30.4%),OXA-58(17.4%), *NDM(13%),VIM(43.5%),IMP(60.9%) *KPC,GES-ND			[152]
Malaysia	2011–2016	*OXA-51-like (100% (OXA-66(85%), OXA-64(8%), OXA-91(8%)),OXA-23-like (100%) *NDM (23.1%), *OXA-24-like,OXA-58-like,IMP,VIM,GIM,SPM-ND		*ISAba1/ OXA-23(100%), ISAba1/ OXA-66(7.7%), ISAba125/ NDM-1(23.1%), *All OXA-23-like genes carried by Tn2006 and Tn2008	[153]
Iran	Sep 2016–Sep 2017	*OXA-51(91.6%),OXA-23(76.5%),OXA-24(65.8%),OXA-40(22.3%), OXA-48 (15.4%) *NDM-1(9.4%),VIM(2%),IMP(0.3%) *SPM-1,KPC,GES,OXA-58-ND			[154]
Thailand	2016–2017	*OXA-51-like(100%),OXA23-like (68.31%), OXA40/24-like(4.92%),OXA-58-like(1.09%)	OXA-51-like,OXA-23-like, and OXA40/24-like (4.92%), OXA-51-like,OXA-23-like and OXA- 58- like (0.54%),		[155]
Pelotas, RS, Brazil	Oct 2014–Jul 2016	*OXA-51(100%) *VIM (90.9%) *OXA-23,OXA-24,OXA-58- ND		*All isolates ISAba1+	[156]
Egypt	2015–2016	*OXA-51-like (100%),OXA-23-like (82.3%) *NDM-like(23.5%), *GES-like(11.8%) *OXA-58-like, OXA-40-like -ND	OXA-51-like, OXA-23-like and NDM-like (5.9%), OXA-51-like,GES-like and OXA-23-like (11.8%)		[157]
Brazil	Apr 2012–Oct 2017	*OXA-51-like(100%), OXA-23 (72.2%),OXA-72(27.8%)		*ISAba1/OXA-23 (72.2%)	[158]
Washington DC	2011–2014	*OXA-51-like (100%),OXA-23-like(36%), *VIM(71%) *OXA-24-like,OXA-58-like, IMP,SIM-ND	VIM and blaOXA-23-like +	*All isolates ISAba1+ ISAba1/ OXA-23-like (36%), ISAba1/ OXA-51-like (96%)	[159]
Ahvaz, South-west, Iran	Jan 2018–Nov 2019	*OXA-51-like (100%),OXA-23-like (68.75%), OXA-24-like (20%), *OXA-143-like-ND	OXA-24-like,OXA-58-like and OXA-23-like (3.75%), OXA24-like and OXA-23-like (5%) OXA-58-like and OXA23-like (2.5%)		[160]
India	Jan 2014–Dec 2017	*OXA-51-like (100%), OXA-23 only (29%), OXA-24 only (<1%) *NDM only (<1%)	OXA-23-like and NDM- like (10%), OXA-23 and VIM(<1%), OXA-58 and NDM(<1%), OXA-23-like,NDM- like and VIM(<1%), study also showed the combination of carbapenemases with other β-lactamases genes	*ISAba1 with OXA-23-like and OXA-51-like+	[57]
South Africa	Aug–2016–Jul 2017	*OXA-51-like (100%), blaOXA-23-like (70%), OXA-58-like (8%), OXA24-like (5%) *IMP-1 (4%),VIM (3%), and NDM-1(2%) *SIM-1-ND	OXA-51-like and OXA-23-like (23%), OXA-51-like and OXA-58-like (4%), OXA-51-like and OXA-24-like (5%) OXA-51-like and IMP-1 (1%) OXA-51-like and VIM (3%),OXA-51-like and NDM-1(2%), OXA-51-like,OXA23-like and IMP-1 (1%) OXA-51-like,OXA-23-like and OXA-58-like (2%)OXA-51-like,OXA-23-like,OXA-58-like and IMP-1(2%)	*ISAba1/blaOXA-51-like(15%), blaOXA-51-like and ISAba1/blaOXA- 23-like(40%), ISAba1/ blaOXA-51-like and ISAba1/blaOXA- 23-like(2%) *intI1 (80%)	[161]
Serbia	Jan 2018–Jun 2018	*OXA-51-like (100%), OXA-24-like (44.2%), OXA-23-like (34.5%) * NDM-1(3.2%), *OXA-58-like, OXA-143-like, IMP, VIM, GIM, SPM, SIM-ND	OXA-23 and OXA-24 (0.9%), OXA-51,OXA-23 and OXA-24 (0.5%), NDM-1 and OXA-24 (7%)	*ISAba1(71.8%), ISAba1/OXA-51-like (16.5%),ISAba1/OXA-24-like (28.1%), ISAba1/OXA-23-like (26.7%)	[162]
South India	May 2011–Jan 2012	*OXA-51-like(98%),OXA-23-like (96%) *VIM (64%),NDM(13%),IMP (16%)	OXA-51 and OXA-23(93%)	*ISAba1 with OXA-51-like (94%) ISAba1 with OXA-23-like (92%) ISAba1 with VIM (62%), ISAba1 with IMP (16%) ISAba1 with NDM (12%) *Class 1 integrase genes-(100%) and Class 2 (6%)	[68]
Iran	2016–2017	*OXA-51 (100%), OXA-23 (91.3%), OXA-24 (61.7%) * IMP-1 (27.2%), IMP-2 (3.7%), VIM-1 (6.2%), VIM-2 (5%) *OXA-58,SIM-1-ND	OXA-23 AND OXA-24 (55.5%), IMP-1 and IMP-2 (3.7%), VIM-1 and VIM-2 (1.23%)		[163]
Turkey	2016	*OXA-51-like (100%),OXA-23-like (100%), OXA-58-like (28.2%), *NDM (1.1%) *OXA-24-like,OXA-48-like, IMP, VIM- ND			[164]
Giza, Egypt	Jul 2017–Jan 2018	* OXA-51-like (100%),OXA-23-like (55.9%), OXA 24/40 (26.4%), OXA58 (2.9%) *NDM (67.7%), GIM (38.2%), SPM (29.4%), SIM (8.8%), IMP (5.8%) *KPC (50%), GES (26.4%) VIM -ND	Co-existence of more than one carbapenemase encoding gene (82.3%)	ISAba1/OXA 23-like (5.9%), ISAba1/ OXA24 /40-like (5.9%), ISAba1 /OXA 51-like (2.9%)	[165]
Egypt	Dec 2018–Dec 2019	*OXA-51-like (100%),OXA-23 (77.7%), OXA-58 (1.9%) *NDM-1 (11.7%), SPM (6.3%), VIM (0.5%), SIM-1 (0.5%) *KPC (10.7%) *OXA-24/40, IMP,GIM, GES, VEB -ND	Isolates habour two or more of the tested genes (18.4%)	ISAb1/blaOXA-23 (7.8%)	[166]
European countries	May 2016–Nov 2018	*OXA-23 (67.7%),OXA-72 (30.1%),OXA-58 (2.7%)	OXA-72 and NDM-1 (1.8%), OXA-58 and OXA-72 (2.7%)	ISAba31/ blaOXA-72+	[167]
Mthatha, South Africa	Jul 2017–Aug 2018	*OXA-51-like (100%),OXA-23-like (100%) OXA-58-like (10%), IMP (10%) *OXA-24-like,VIM, NDM-1, SIM-ND	OXA-23-like,OXA-58-like) and IMP (10%)	ISAba1 /OXA-51- like (55%), ISAba1 /blaOXA-23-like (75%)	[168]
Northwest Iran	Oct 2018–Oct 2019	*OXA-51-like (100%), OXA-23-like (82.1%), OXA-24/40-like (36.6%) *NDM (6.2%), IMP (4.4%), * OXA-58-like, OXA-143-like, OXA-235-like,VIM, SIM, GIM and SPM- ND	OXA-23-like,blaOXA-51-like and OXA-24/40-like (25.8%), OXA-23-like, NDM/IMP, (7.1%), OXA-24/40-like,NDM and IMP (6.2%)	ISAba1 (95.5%)ISAba1/OXA-23-like (69.5%),	[169]
Thailand	2016–2017	*OXA-51-like gene (100%) OXA-23-like (92.59%), OXA-24-like (14.81%), OXA-58-like (1.48%), *NDM-type (4.44%)			[170]
Lahore,Pakistan	Sep 2020–Dec 2020	*OXA-51 (100%), OXA-23 (49.5%),OXA-58 (19.4%),OXA-24 (8.8%), OXA-143 (2.6%) *NDM-1 (24.7%),	OXA-51, NDM-1 and OXA 23 (9.7%), OXA-51, OXA-23, OXA-24 and NDM-1 (2.6%), OXA-51,OXA-23, OXA-58 and NDM-1 (6.2%), OXA-24, OXA-51, OXA-23 and OXA-58 (15%)		[171]
Shenzhen, China	Jul 2018–Jun 2019	*OXA-51-like (100%), OXA-23-like (93.4%), OXA-24-like (2.2%) and OXA-58-like (2.2%) *NDM-1 (8.8%), *SIM, VIM and IMP-ND		ISAba1/OXA-51-like (27.5%)	[172]
Birjand, South-East Iran	Jan 2018–May 2019	* VIM-1 (28.9%), IMP-1 (13.3%) *NDM -ND			[173]
Egypt	May 2019–Feb 2021	*OXA-51-like (100%),OXA-23-like (88.9%) *NDM (27.7%) *OXA-24-like, OXA-58-like, IMP, VIM-ND	OXA-23-like and NDM (25.9%)		[174]
China	Jan 2012–Dec 2018	* OXA-51 (93%),OXA-23 (91%),OXA-24 (81%)			[175]
Lucknow, India	Jun 2019–May 2020	*VIM (48.6%), NDM (40.5%), *IMP-ND	VIM and NDM (21.6%)		[176]
Western Maharashtra,India	Nov 2018–Dec 2019	*OXA-51-like (100%),OXA-23-like (94.4%) *OXA-24-like,OXA-58-like-ND		ISAba1/OXA-23-like (94.4%),ISAba1/OXA-51-like (12.9%),ISAba1/OXA-23-like/OXA-51-like (7.4%)	[177]

Note: n the table [*] indicates ““Present””Abbreviations: ND, not detected; +, present.

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