Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Susceptibility and Severity: Influence of MyD88-Adaptor-Like Gene (rs8177374) Polymorphism

Figures & data

Figure 1 Photographs of P. falciparum (X 100) (A) Thick blood film showing ring stages of the parasite. (B) Thin blood film showing red blood cells containing ring stages. (C) Thin blood film showing gametocyte stage.

Figure 2 Allelic discrimination plot showing different sample genotypes.

Figure 3 Amplification plot showing normalized reporter (Rn) dye fluorescence as a function of the cycle.

Table 1 Demographic Data of the Studied Groups and Subgroups

	Malaria Group (No.=141)	Control Group (HC) (No.=147)	Test of Significance	p-value	Mild Malaria (MM) (No.= 84)	Severe Malaria (SM) (No.=57)	Test of Significance	p-value
Age (years)
(Mean±SD)	37.06 ±9.66	36.65±9.29	10,023^a	0.42	37±9.75	37.23±9.62	2383.5^a	0.96
Gender: No. (%)
Males	81 (57.4%)	81 (55.1%)	0.161^b	0.69	50 (59.5%)	31 (54.3%)	0.3667^b	0.548
Females	60 (42.6%)	66 (44.9%)			34 (40.5%)	26 (45.7%)

Notes: ^at- test, ^bChi-square test.

Table 2 Genotype and Allele Frequencies of the MAL Gene (rs8177374) Polymorphism in the P. falciparum Group and Healthy Controls

	Malaria Group (No.=141)		Healthy Controls (HC) (No.= 147)		χ2	p-value
	(No.)	(%)	(No.)	(%)
Genotype
CC	72	(51.06%)	102	(69.4%)	11.16	0.0038*
CT	48	(34.04%)	27	(18.4%)
TT	21	(14.9%)	18	(12.2%)
Allele
C	192	(68.08%)	231	(78.57%)	8.11	0.004*
T	90	(31.92%)	63	(21.43%)

Notes: χ²; Chi-square test, *Statistically significant at p-value ≤0.05.

Table 3 Genotype and Allele Frequencies of the MAL Gene (rs8177374) Polymorphism in Malaria Subgroups

	Mild Malaria (MM) (No.= 84)		Severe Malaria (SM) (No.= 57)		χ2	p-value
	No.	(%)	No.	(%)
Genotype
CC	24	(28.6%)	48	(84.2%)	42.087	< 0.001***
CT	42	(50%)	6	(10.5%)
TT	18	(21.4%)	3	(5.3%)
Allele
C	90	(53.57%)	102	(89.47%)	40.28	< 0.001***
T	78	(46.43%)	12	(10.53%)

Notes: χ²; Chi-square test, ***Statistically significant at p-value ≤0.001.

Table 4 The Association of the Mal rs8177374 Polymorphism with Malaria Based on Symptoms

rs8177374	Malaria Vs HC		MM Vs SM
	OR (CI. 95%)	P-value	OR (CI. 95%)	P-value
Genotype
CC	-		-
CT	2.52 (1.44–4.41)	0.0012***	0.07 (0.03–0.19)	< 0.001***
TT	1.65 (0.82–3.32)	0.158	0.03 (0.007–0.1)	<0.001***
CT+TT	2.17 (1.34–3.51)	0.0016**	0.08 (0.032–0.18)	< 0.001***
Allele
C	-		-
T	1.7 (1.18–2.5)	0.0046**	0.135 (0.07–0.3)	< 0.001***

Notes: **Statistically significant at p-value ≤ 0.01, ***Statistically significant at p-value ≤0.001.Abbreviations: HC, healthy controls; MM, mild malaria; SM, severe malaria, 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.

Figure 4 Serum levels of TNF-alpha in the studied groups and subgroups and in relation to Mal rs8177374 polymorphism in patients with malaria.

Notes: *Statistically significant at p-value ≤ 0.05; **statistically significant at p-value ≤ 0.01; ***statistically significant at p-value ≤ 0.001.Abbreviations: HC; healthy controls, MM; mild malaria, SM; severe malaria.

Figure 5 Serum levels of IL-12 in the studied groups and subgroups and in relation to Mal rs8177374 polymorphism in patients with malaria.

Notes: **Statistically significant at p-value ≤ 0.01; ***statistically significant at p-value ≤ 0.001.Abbreviations: HC; healthy controls, MM; mild malaria, SM; severe malaria.

Figure 6 The levels of the circulating TNF-alpha and IL-12-malaria among both malaria subgroups in relation to Mal rs8177374 polymorphism.

Notes: ns; non-significant; ***statistically significant at p-value ≤ 0.001.