Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Associated Risk Factors and Prevention in Hubuna, Najran, Saudi Arabia

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents (n=391)

	Characteristics	n	%	Infected	Uninfected
Sex	Male	234	59.8	80	154
	Female	157	40.2	69	88
Age, years	≤10	54	13.8	41	13
	11–20	91	23.3	39	52
	21–30	136	34.8	51	85
	≥41	110	28.1	18	92
Education	Uneducated or primary school	73	18.7	48	25
	Intermediate and secondary school	196	50.1	62	134
	Higher education (university graduates)	122	31.2	39	83
Residence	Rural	202	51.7	119	83
	Urban	189	48.3	30	159
Occupation	Child/student/unemployed	194	49.6	61	133
	Teachers/education employees	31	7.9	14	17
	Health professionals	33	8.4	12	21
	Farmers	59	15.1	43	16
	Others	74	18.9	19	55
Preventive measures reported by participants	Woodsmoke	99	25.3	53	46
	Insecticide-treated bed nets	108	27.6	61	47
	Spraying insecticides	74	18.9	40	34
	Insect-repellent lamps	81	20.7	18	63
	Others	29	7.4	7	22

Table 2 Multivariate logistic regression analysis for independent determinants of leishmaniasis (n=391)

	Leishmaniasis status		AOR (95% CI)	P
	Infected	Uninfected
Sex
Male	80	154	1.4 (0.7–1.6)	0.11
Female	69	88	1
Age, years
≤10	41	13	3.08 (1.6–5.4)	0.002*
11–20	39	52	2.1 (0.07–51.5)
21–30	51	85	0.23 (0.09–0.62)
≥31	18	92	1
Education
Uneducated or primary school	48	25	1.18 (0.63–2.21)	0.072
Intermediate and secondary school	62	134	0.96 (0.30–1.43)
Higher education (university graduates)	39	83	1
Residence
Rural	119	83	2.13 (0.13–2.24)	<0.001*
Urban	30	159	1
Occupation
Child/student/unemployed	61	133	1	0.010*
Teachers/education employees	14	17	2.36 (1.07–1.19)
Health professionals	12	21	0.38 (0.09–1.61)
Farmers	43	16	2.64 (1.55–3.76)
Others	19	55	1.58 (1.69–2.09)
Preventive methods reported by participants
Woodsmoke	53	46	0.81 (0.52–1.19)	0.061
Insecticide-treated bed nets	61	47	1.15 (0.79–2.01)
Spraying insecticides	40	34	1.46 (0.21–5.78)
Insect-repellent lamps	18	63	0.68 (1.31–3.06)
Others	7	22	1

Note: *Significant.

Figure 1 Preventive measures stated by participants (n=391).