The Impact of COVID-19 Vaccines on the Development of Acute Complications in Type 1 and 2 Diabetes Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia

Figures & data

Table 1 Basic demographic characteristics

	Total	T1DM	T2DM
	(n=409)	(n=190, 46.5%)	(n=219, 53.5%)
Age (years), median (IQR)	41 (25.5–57)	25 (22–32)	56 (45–64)
Nationality
Non-Saudi, n (%)	25 (6.11)	8 (4.21)	17 (7.76)
Saudi, n (%)	384 (93.89)	182 (95.79)	202 (92.24)
Sex
Female, n (%)	231 (56.48)	134 (70.53)	97 (44.29)
Male, n (%)	178 (43.52)	56 (29.47)	122 (55.71)
Marital status
Divorced, n (%)	11 (2.69)	3 (1.58)	8 (3.65)
Married, n (%)	228 (55.75)	57 (30)	171 (78.08)
Single, n (%)	150 (36.67)	130 (68.42)	20 (9.13)
Widowed, n (%)	20 (4.89)	0	20 (9.13)
Education
Bachelor’s, n (%)	193 (47.19)	122 (64.21)	71 (32.42)
Diploma, n (%)	43 (10.51)	17 (8.95)	26 (11.87)
Elementary, n (%)	29 (7.09)	2 (1.05)	27 (12.33)
High school, n (%)	73 (17.85)	38 (20)	35 (15.98)
Illiterate, n (%)	10 (2.44)	0	10 (4.57)
Middle school, n (%)	33 (8.07)	3 (1.58)	30 (13.7)
Postgraduate, n (%)	28 (6.85)	8 (4.21)	20 (9.13)
Occupation
Business owner, n (%)	1 (0.24)	0	1 (0.46)
Freelancer, n (%)	1 (0.24)	0	1 (0.46)
Government, n (%)	90 (22)	30 (15.79)	60 (27.4)
Housewife, n (%)	7 (1.71)	2 (1.05)	5 (2.28)
Own business, n (%)	1 (0.24)	0	1 (0.46)
Private, n (%)	101 (24.69)	58 (30.53)	43 (19.63)
Retired, n (%)	33 (8.07)	2 (1.05)	31 (14.16)
Student, n (%)	51 (12.47)	47 (24.74)	4 (1.83)
Unemployed, n (%)	124 (30.32)	51 (26.84)	73 (33.33)

Table 2 Overall vaccine safety and efficacy

Type of vaccine	Type of DM	Admitted to		Severity score			Diabetic emergencies				COVID infection status			Period following vaccine when infection occurred			Hospitalization required
		General Ward	ICU	0–15	16–30	31–45	3	6	9	12	No infections	After vaccination	Before Vaccination	Within 1st 4 Weeks	4–8 Weeks	More than 8 Weeks	No	Yes
AstraZeneca	T1	3	0	13	2	1	4	1	1	0	6	7	3	0	0	1	5	0
	T2	1	0	11	0	3	8	1	1	0	8	2	4	0	0	0	8	1
	P	0.351		0.218			0.285				0.214			0.341			0.679
AstraZeneca, Moderna	T1	0	0	2	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	2	0	0	0	0	1	0
	T2	0	0	0	1	2	2	1	0	0	2	0	1	0	0	0	1	0
	P	0		0.135			0.05				0.189			NA			0.54
Moderna	T1	0	0	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0
	T2	0	0	4	0	1	1	0	0	0	4	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
	P	NA		0.408			0.408				0.293			NA			NA
Pfizer	T1	15	8	102	6	11	40	14	2	2	72	32	15	1	5	1	49	4
	T2	8	9	106	14	28	82	15	8	2	92	30	26	0	3	7	47	11
	P	0.142		0.022			0.001				0.312			0.131			0.18
Pfizer, AstraZeneca	T1	1	2	24	5	4	7	6	0	0	17	11	5	0	0	2	18	1
	T2	1	0	23	5	8	15	7	2	0	20	11	5	0	0	2	8	3
	P	0.323		0.542			0.076				0.945			0.929			0.182
Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Moderna	T1	0	1	4	2	0	3	0	0	0	3	2	1	0	0	0	1	1
	T2	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	2	0
	P	0.659		0.495			0.35				0.459			NA			0.459
Pfizer, Moderna	T1	0	1	7	1	2	2	2	1	0	7	2	1	0	0	1	3	0
	T2	1	1	7	0	5	3	0	2	0	6	2	4	0	0	0	5	1
	P	0.645		0.346			0.439				0.425			0.262			0.741

Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.

Figure 1 Comparison of COVID-19 infection incidence after vaccination in T1DM and T2DM patients.

Table 3 Distribution of new-onset DM after COVID vaccination

Vaccine	Total new-onset DM cases	Infection with coronavirus
		No infection		After first vaccination		After second vaccination		Before vaccination
		T1DM	T2DM	T1DM	T2DM	T1DM	T2DM	T1DM	T2DM
AstraZeneca	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
Pfizer	18	5	0	0	5	2	6	0	0
Pfizer, AstraZeneca	4	0	2	0	1	0	1	0	0
Pfizer, Moderna	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1

Table 4 Long-standing DM, vaccine efficacy, and adverse events

Type of DM	DM duration	COVID infection			Severity score			Diabetic emergencies
		No infection	After vaccination	Before vaccination	0–15	16–30	31–45	0	3	6	9	12
T1	Less than 1 year	11	1	1	9	3	1	6	6	1	0	0
	1–5 years	11	11	3	17	2	6	17	6	1	1	0
	6–10 years	20	7	5	29	1	2	16	12	4	0	0
	More than 10 years	65	38	17	100	11	9	66	32	17	3	2
	P	NA			NA			NA
T2	Less than 1 year	4	1	1	5	1	0	3	3	0	0	0
	1–5 years	33	13	14	38	5	17	22	28	8	2	0
	6–10 years	39	14	8	43	8	10	19	31	4	7	0
	More than 10 years	56	18	18	66	6	20	25	49	12	4	2
	P	NA			NA			NA

Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.