Gambogic Acid as a Candidate for Cancer Therapy: A Review

Figures & data

Figure 1 Anti-cancer activities of GA.

Figure 2 Structure of Gambogic acid.

Figure 3 Anti-apoptosis activities of GA.

Figure 4 Cell cycle arrest mechanism of GA.

Table 1 Drug Delivery Systems of GA

Delivery Systems	Abbrev	Status	Functional Moiety	Types of Cancer	Cancer Cells	References
Micelles	GA–OACS micelles	In vitro and in vivo		Hepatic carcinoma	HepG2 cells	[^Citation90]
	GA encapsulated MPEG-P(CLran-TMC) micelles	In vitro and in vivo		Pancreatic cancer	AsPC-1 cells	[^Citation92]
	sPEG/HA/CSO-SS-Hex/Fe3O4/GA micelles	In vitro and in vivo	CD44-target moiety: HA; redox-responsive moiety: disulfide linker; magnetic target moiety: Fe3O4	Breast cancer	4T1 cells	[^Citation94]
	HA-GA@Ce6 micelles	In vitro and in vivo	CD44-target moiety: HA; ROS responsive moiety: Ce6	Breast cancer	4T1 cells	[^Citation99]
	HA-PRM-GA-M	In vitro and in vivo	CD44-target moiety: HA	Lung adenocarcinoma	A549 cells	[^Citation95]
	PAG/DTX-shRNA micelles	In vitro and in vivo		Breast cancer	MCF-7 cells	[^Citation121]
	GA-LMWH micelles	In vivo		Hepatic cancer	H22 cells	[^Citation96]
	GA-PEG-PCL micelles	In vitro		Lung cancer	A549 cells	[^Citation97]
	PEG-pHis-PLGA/TPGS micelles	In vitro	pH sensitive moiety: poly(L-histidine) (pHis)	Breast cancer	MCF-7 cells; MCF-7/Adr cells	[^Citation91]
	GA-PEG^5kCA4-L-VE4 micelles	In vitro and in vivo		Colon cancer	HT-29 and HCT116	[^Citation122]
	Poloxamer 407/TPGS mixed micelles	In vitro		Breast cancer	MCF-7 cells; NCI/ADR-RES cells	[^Citation89]
Nanoparticles	GA-Cy7-NP	In vitro and in vivo	Hypoxia target moiety: near-infrared dye (Cy7)	Prostate cancer	PC3 cells	[^Citation105]
	iE-RBCm-GA/PLGA NPs	In vitro and in vivo	EGFR-target moiety: bispecific recombinant protein anti-EGFR-iRGD	Colon cancer	Caco-2 cells; SW480 cells	[^Citation106]
	GA and TRAIL co-loaded BSA NPs	In vitro and in vivo		Breast cancer; Lung cancer	MCF-7 cells;A549 cells	[^Citation123]
	GA-loaded PEG-PCL NPs	In vitro and in vivo		Gastric cancer	MKN-45 cells	[^Citation107]
	CS/PLGA-GA NPs	In vitro and in vivo		Lewis lung carcinoma	LL/2 cells	[^Citation124]
	LyP-1-LMWH-Qu (PLQ)/GA NPs	In vitro and in vivo	p32 target moiety: LyP-1	Breast cancer	MCF-7 cells	[^Citation125]
	RBCm-GA/PLGA NPs	In vitro and in vivo		Colorectal cancer; Gastric cancer	sW480 cells; MKN45 cells; AGS cells	[^Citation108]
	GA-HAS NPs	in vivo		Lung cancer	A549 cells	[^Citation112]
	GA/pTRAIL-HA/PPNPs	In vitro and in vivo	CD44-target moiety: HA	Breast cancer	MCF-7 cells; MDA-MB-231 cells	[^Citation109]
	GA-loaded FA-Arg-PEUU NPs	In vitro	Folate receptor- target moiety: folic acid (FA)	Lung cancer	A549 cells; Hela cells	[^Citation110]
	DTX/GA PLGA NPs	In vitro and in vivo		Breast cancer	MCF-7 cells; MCF-7/Adr cells	[^Citation126]
	GA/RACC loaded NPs	In vitro		Osteosarcoma cancer	MG63 cells	[^Citation127]
	cRHG NPs	In vitro and in vivo	αvβ3 integrin target moiety: cyclic arginine-glycine-asparagine-tyrosine-lysine (c(RGDyK))	Breast cancer; glioblastoma	MCF-7 cells; U87MG cells	[^Citation128]
	GA-HRA NPs	In vitro and in vivo		Breast cancer; nasopharyngeal cancer	MCF-7 cells; KB31 cells	[^Citation129]
	GA-MNP-Fe3O4 NPs	In vitro		Pancreatic cancer; leukemia	Panc-1 cells; Capan-1 cells; K562 cells	[^Citation101^–^Citation103]
Nano-spheres	F68-LA/GA nano-spheres	In vitro		Ovarian cancer	A2780 cells	[^Citation113]
Nanofibers	Mn-ICG@pHis-PEG/GA nanofibers	In vitro and in vivo	Magnetic target moiety: Fe3O4	Breast cancer	4T1 cells	[^Citation115]
Nanorods	GNR/TiO2 nanorods	In vitro	Folate receptor- target moiety: folic acid (FA)	Glioblastoma	U-87 MG cells	[^Citation117]
Nanocomplex	HA(CD)-4Phe4 nanocomplex	In vitro	pH sensitive moiety: poly(L-histidine) (pHis)	Melanoma cells	MDA-MB-435/MDR cells	[^Citation118]
Quantum dots	CdTe QDs	In vitro		Hepatic carcinoma	HepG2 cells	[^Citation120]
Liposomes	GA liposomes	In vitro and in vivo	CD44-target moiety: HA	Breast cancer	MDA-MB-231 cells	[^Citation130]

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