Figures & data
Figure 1 Schematic illustration of the classification (A), surface modification and functionalization (B and C), synthesis and formation mechanism (D), and application of mesoporous silica nanomaterials (E and F) in this review.
Notes: (A) Reproduced from Narayan R, Nayak UY, Raichur AM, et al. Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Review on Synthesis and Recent Advances. Pharmaceutics. 2018;10(3):118–166. Creative Commons license and disclaimer available from http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode.Citation45 (B, C) Li Z, Zhang Y, Feng N. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles: synthesis, classification, drug loading, pharmacokinetics, biocompatibility, and application in drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2019;16(3):219–237, reprinted by permission of the publisher (Taylor & Francis Ltd, http://www.tandfonline.com).Citation44 (D) Kankala RK, Han YH, Na J, et al. Nanoarchitectured Structure and Surface Biofunctionality of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. Adv Mater. 2020;32(23), reprinted by permission of the publisher (Taylor & Francis Ltd, http://www.tandfonline.com).Citation87 (E) Reprinted from Biomaterials, 199, Jeong HJ, Yoo RJ, Kim JK, et al. Macrophage cell tracking PET imaging using mesoporous silica nanoparticles via in vivo bioorthog onal F-18 labeling. 32–39, copyright (2019), with permission from Elsevier.Citation74 (F) Huang Y, Li T, Gao W, et al. Platelet-derived nanomotor coated balloon for atherosclerosis combination therapy. J Mater Chem B Mater Biol Med. 2020;8(26):5765–5775,Citation71 permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center,Inc.
Table 1 Classification and Characteristics of Common Mesoporous Silica Nanomaterials
Figure 2 A schematic diagram of the synthesis of MSNs.
Notes: Li Z, Zhang Y, Feng N. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles: synthesis, classification, drug loading, pharmacokinetics, biocompatibility, and application in drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2019;16(3):219–237, reprinted by permission of the publisher (Taylor & Francis Ltd, http://www.tandfonline.com).Citation44
Figure 3 Schematic diagrams of the formation mechanism of mesoporous silica. (A) Scheme of the formation mechanism of MCM-41. (B) SANS method. (C) “expansion and contraction” mechanism.
Notes: (A) Narayan R, Nayak UY, Raichur AM, et al. Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Review on Synthesis and Recent Advances. Pharmaceutics. 2018;10(3), reprinted by permission of the publisher (Taylor & Francis Ltd, http://www.tandfonline.com).Citation45 (B) Reprinted with permission from Yi Z, Dumee LF, Garvey CJ, et al. A new insight into growth mechanism and kinetics of mesoporous silica nanoparticles by in situ small-angle X-ray scattering. Langmuir. 2015; 31(30): 8478–8487. Copyright (2015) American Chemical Society.Citation46 (C) Reprinted with permission from Hollamby MJ, Borisova D, Brown P, et al. Growth of mesoporous silica nanoparticles monitored by time-resolved small-angle neutron scattering. Langmuir. 2012;28(9): 4425–4433. Copyright (2015) American Chemical Society.Citation47
Figure 4 A schematic diagram of surface modification of mesoporous silica. (A) amino functionalization. (B) polymer modification.
Notes: (A) Reprinted from Eur J Pharm Sci, 143, Mehmood Y, Khan IU, Shahzad Y, et al. Amino-decorated mesoporous silica nanoparticles for controlled sofosbuvir delivery, 105184, copyright (2020), with permission from Elsevier.Citation49 (B) Reprinted from Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 189, Wang B, Zhang K, Wang J, et al. Poly(amidoamine)-modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a mucoadhesive drug delivery system for potential bladder cancer therapy, 110832, copyright (2020, with permission from Elsevier).Citation51
Table 2 Summary of Application of Mesoporous Silica in Atherosclerosis
Figure 5 Applications of mesoporous silica in the diagnosis and treatment of AS. (A) A schematic diagram of an effective macrophage tracking protocol based on an in vivo bioorthogonal F-18 labeling reaction using the PET system. (B) Schematic illustration of identifying macrophage enrichment in atherosclerotic plaques by dual-modal US imaging and MRI based on biodegradable CD68-Fe-HSN. (C) Schematic illustration of the synthesis process of MJAMS/PTX/aV and the mechanism of treatment of AS using the MJAMS/PTX/aV coated balloon.
Notes: Reprinted from Biomaterials, 199, Jeong HJ, Yoo RJ, Kim JK, et al. Macrophage cell tracking PET imaging using mesoporous silica nanoparticles via in vivo bioorthogonal F-18 labeling. 32–39, copyright (2019), with permission from Elsevier.Citation74 Reproduced from Ji R, Li X, Zhou C, et al. Identifying macrophage enrichment in atherosclerotic plaques by targeting dual-modal US imaging/MRI based on biodegradable Fe-doped hollow silica nanospheres conjugated with anti-CD68 antibody. Nanoscale. 2018;10(43):20246–20255.Citation75 Huang Y, Li T, Gao W, et al. Platelet-derived nanomotor coated balloon for atherosclerosis combination therapy. J Mater Chem B Mater Biol Med. 2020;8(26):5765–5775.Citation71
Figure 6 The induction of foam cell along with the disturbance on cholesterol influx/efflux balance, and promotion of apoptosis via ER stress PERK/eIF2α/ATF4 and IRE1α/XBP1 signaling cascade by SiNPs and oxLDL coexposure in a macrophage model.
Notes: Reprinted from Sci Total Environ, 631–632, Guo C, Ma R, Liu X, et al. Silica nanoparticles promote oxLDL-induced macrophage lipid accumulation and apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling. 570–579, copyright (2018), with permission from Elsevier.Citation83
