Antimicrobial Coating: Tracheal Tube Application

Figures & data

Figure 1 Biofilm formation. (A) Adherence: Planktonic bacteria adhere to the surface of tracheal ducts. (B) Aggregation: Microorganisms undergo multilayer aggregation to form microcolonies. (C) Maturation: Channels form in the biofilm structure, allowing for the gradient transfer of nutrients and signaling molecules and facilitating the organized aggregation and differentiation of cells based on their metabolic state. (D) Dispersion: After maturation, the biofilm thickens and the interior forms an anaerobic environment, while the outer layer may begin to separate.

Table 1 Antibacterial Coated Tracheal Tubes: Progress

Antibacterial Coated Classification	References
Active antimicrobial coatings
Organic Polymers	[^Citation28,^Citation29,^Citation31^–^Citation34]
Bacteriophage	[^Citation30]
Sphingosine	[^Citation35]
New antibacterial agents	[^Citation36^–^Citation38]
Silver and silver nanoparticles	[^Citation39^–^Citation57]
Antimicrobial metal and composite ET coating
Selenium (Se)	[^Citation58,^Citation59,^Citation61]
ZnO	[^Citation60,^Citation63^–^Citation65]
Nanosilica/Silicon	[^Citation62,^Citation68,^Citation69]
Metal complexes	[^Citation67]
Photocatalytic antibacterial materials
Methylene blue (MB)	[^Citation70]
Titanium dioxide (TiO2)	[^Citation71^–^Citation78]
Photodynamic	[^Citation79^–^Citation81]
Antimicrobial peptides	[^Citation82,^Citation83]

Abbreviations: VAP, ventilator-associated pneumonia; ET, endotracheal tube; ETs, endotracheal tubes; EPS, extracellular polymers; HQNO, 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide; ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species; RND, Resistance-Nodulation-Division; NO, nitric oxide; AMPs, Antimicrobial peptides; SNAP, S-nitroso-N-acetyl penicillamine; PVC, Polyvinyl chloride; PHMB, polyhexamethylene biguanide; SR, silicone rubber; MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; SSD, silver sulfadiazine; PE, polyethylene; AgNPs, silver nanoparticles; SeNP, selenium nanoparticles; MTMS, methyltrimethoxysilane; MB, methylene blue; PS, photosensitizer.

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