Mycology-Nanotechnology Interface: Applications in Medicine and Cosmetology

Figures & data

Figure 1 Basic mechanism flowchart of fungal-based biosynthesis of nanoparticles.

Figure 2 Schematic representation of intracellular and extracellular nanoparticle formation by fungi.

Figure 3 Diagrammatic illustration of top-down method” and “bottom-up method.

Table 1 List of Fungal Species Used for Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles

Species Name	Localization		Substrate(s)	Reaction Conditions	Average Size of NPs	Biological Properties	Nanoparticles		References
	Extracellular	Intracellular					Au-NPs	Ag-NPs
Agaricus bisporus	✓		Silver Nitrate	Not Reported	103.57nm	Cytotoxic		✓	[^Citation72]
Alternaria alternata	✓		Chloroauric Acid	Fungal culture filtrate	12±5nm	Not Reported	✓		[^Citation73]
Aspergillus clavatus	✓		Silver Nitrate	Fungal culture filtrate	Not Reported	Antimicrobial against MRSA and MRSE	✓	✓	[^Citation74,^Citation75]
Aspergillus flavus	✓		Chloroauric Acid; Silver Nitrate; Tetra-chloroauric acid	Culture Supernatant; Fungal culture filtrate; Culture supernatant and filtrate	12 nm; Not reported; 17.76 nm, 22.6, and 26 nm	Cytotoxic and Catalytic; Antimicrobial against Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa	✓	✓	[^Citation76^–^Citation78]
Aspergillus fumigatus	✓		Silver Nitrate	Cell-Free Filtrate	0.681 nm	Antibacterial activity against MDR bacterial strains like Acinetobacter, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa		✓	[^Citation79]
Aspergillus ochraceus	✓		Silver Nitrate	Fungal culture filtrate	5.5–24.4 nm	Antibacterial activity against MRSA when used in combination and Cytotoxic activity against HCT, HepG2, MCF-7, and Vero cell line		✓	[^Citation80]
Aspergillus oryzae var. viridis	✓		Chloroauric acid; Silver Nitrate	Fungal culture filtrate and Cell-free Extract; Fungal culture filtrate	10–60 nm; 5–50 nm	Not Reported; Antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus	✓	✓	[^Citation81,^Citation82]
Aspergillus sydowii	✓		Chloroauric Acid	Fungal Culture Filtrate	8.7–15.6 nm	Not Reported	✓		[^Citation83]
Aspergillus terreus	✓		Silver Nitrate; Chloroauric acid; Silver Nitrate	Fungal Culture Filtrate; Extracellular Filtrate; Fungal Culture Filtrate	10–18 nm; 10–19 nm; 16.54 nm	Antifungal Activity against Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ochraceus, and Aspergillus parasiticus; Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli; Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus	✓	✓	[^Citation84^–^Citation86]
Aureobasidium pullulans		✓	Chloroauric Acid; Silver Nitrate	Fungal Culture Filtrate; Extracellular Filtrate	11 ± 5 nm; 2.43–53.5 nm	Anticancer Drug Delivery System; Antibacterial activity against MDR pathogens like Escherichia coli, Moraxella sp., Pseudomonas sp., Salmonella typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus	✓	✓	[^Citation87,^Citation88]
Botrytis cinerea	✓		Chloroauric Acid	Cell-Free Filtrate	1–100 nm	Not Reported	✓		[^Citation89]
Chrysosporium tropicum	✓		Chloroauric acid and Silver Nitrate	Fungal Culture Filtrate	2–15 nm and 20–50 nm	Anti-parasitic activity	✓	✓	[^Citation90]
Cladosporium cladosporioides	✓		Silver Nitrate; Chloroauric acid	Fungal Culture Filtrate	100 nm	Antioxidant Activity and Antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermis; Antioxidant and Antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus niger, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus	✓	✓	[^Citation91,^Citation92]
Cochliobolus lunatus		✓	Silver Nitrate	Fungal Culture Filtrate	3–21 nm	Anti-parasitic activity		✓	[^Citation93]
Coriolus versicolor	✓	✓	Silver Nitrate	Fungal Crude Extracts	100 nm	Anticancer activity against HT-29, HUH-7, and MCF-7, wound healing examined on L929 cells, Antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Candida utilis		✓	[^Citation94]
Cryphonectria sp.		✓	Silver Nitrate	Fungal Culture Filtrate	30–70 nm	Antibacterial activity against Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus		✓	[^Citation95]
Flammulina velutipe	✓		Silver Nitrate	Fungal Culture Extract	22 nm	Antibacterial activity against Aeromonas punctata, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio splendidus		✓	[^Citation96]
Fusarium oxysporum	✓	✓	Silver Nitrate; Chloroauric acid	Fungal Culture Filtrate; Culture Supernatant	10–20 nm; 25–50 nm; 20–30 nm	Not Reported; Antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, MDR Bacillus cereus, MDR Escherichia coli, MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa, MRSA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus	✓	✓	[^Citation97^–^Citation99]
Fusarium semitectum	✓		Chloroauric acid and Silver Nitrate	Fungal Culture Filtrate	18–80 nm	Not Reported	✓	✓	[^Citation100]
Fusarium solani	✓		Chloroauric acid; Silver Nitrate	Fungal Culture Filtrate	40–45 nm; 10 nm; 20–50 nm	Cytotoxic activity against HeLa and MCF-7 Cell line	✓	✓	[^Citation101^–^Citation103]
Hormoconis resinae	✓	✓	Chloroauric acid; Silver Nitrate	Fungal Culture Filtrate; Fungal Biomass	3–20 nm; 20–80 nm	Not Reported	✓	✓	[^Citation104,^Citation105]
Mucor hiemalis	✓		Silver Nitrate	Fungal Culture Filtrate	5–15 nm	Antibacterial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas brassicacearum, and Staphylococcus aureus and Antifungal Activity against Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans, and Fusarium oxysporum		✓	[^Citation106]
Neurospora crassa		✓	Chloroauric acid and Silver Nitrate; Chloroauric acid	Fungal Culture Filtrate; Fungal Extract	11 and 32 nm; 10–200 nm	Not Reported	✓	✓	[^Citation107,^Citation108]
Neurospora intermedia	✓	✓	Silver Nitrate	Fungal Culture Supernatant and Cell-Free Filtrate	19–84 nm	Antibacterial Activity against Escherichia coli		✓	[^Citation109]
Penicillium fellutanum	✓		Silver Nitrate	Fungal Culture Filtrate	5–25 nm	Not Reported		✓	[^Citation110]
Penicillium brevicompactum	✓		Chloroauric acid; Silver Nitrate	Fungal Cell Filtrates and Live Biomass; Fungal Cell-Free Extract; Fungal Culture Filtrate	20–80 nm; 6.28–15.12 ± 0.8 nm; 40–50 nm	Cytotoxic Activity against mouse mayo blast cancer C2C12 cells; Antibacterial Activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus; Antibacterial Activity against Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Vibrio cholerae, and Cytotoxic activity against MCF-7	✓	✓	[^Citation111^–^Citation113]
Penicillium chrysogenum	✓		Chloroauric acid	Fungal Culture Filtrate	2–20 nm	Not Reported	✓		[^Citation114]
Phanerochaete chrysosporium	✓		Silver Nitrate	Fungal Cytoplasmic Fluid	26–63 nm	Not Reported		✓	[^Citation115]
Phoma glomerata	✓		Silver Nitrate	Fungal Cell Filtrate	60–80 nm	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus		✓	[^Citation116]
Phoma sorghina	✓		Silver Nitrate	Fungal Culture Filtrate	120–160 nm	Not Reported		✓	[^Citation117]
Pleurotus sapidus	✓		Chloroauric acid	Fungal Culture Filtrate	15–100 nm	Not Reported	✓		[^Citation118]
Pleurotus sajor caju	✓		Silver Nitrate and Chloroauric acid	Fungal Culture Filtrate	23 nm and 37 nm	Anti-proliferative activity, Anti-oxidant activity, and Cytotoxic activity against HCT-116	✓	✓	[^Citation119]
Rhizopus oryzae	✓		Chloroauric Acid	Fungal Biomass	28–52 nm	Not Reported	✓		[^Citation120]
Rhizopus stolonifer	✓		Silver Nitrate	Fungal Cell Extract	9.47 nm	Not Reported	✓		[^Citation121]
Rhodotorula glutinis	✓		Silver Nitrate	Fungal Culture Filtrate	15.45 ± 7.94 nm	Antifungal Activity against Candida parapsilosis, Catalytic Activity, and Cytotoxic activity against HK-2		✓	[^Citation122]
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	✓	✓	Silver Nitrate	Fungal Extract; Fungal Cell-Free Extract	10 nm; 16.07 nm	Photocatalytic Activity; Antibacterial Activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and MRSA	✓	✓	[^Citation123,^Citation124]
Schizophyllum commune	✓	✓	Silver Nitrate	Fungal Culture Filtrate and Culture Supernatant	32.08 nm	Antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis		✓	[^Citation125]
Trichoderma harzianum	✓		Silver Nitrate; Chloroauric acid; Silver Nitrate	Fungal Culture Filtrate; Fungal Biomass; Fungal Free Cell Filtrate	40–60 nm; 26–34 nm; 51.10 nm	Antifungal Activity against Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium roseum, Fusarium semitectum, and Fusarium solani; Catalytic activity and Antibacterial Activity against Escherichia coli; Antibacterial Activity against Klebsiella pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus	✓	✓	[^Citation126^–^Citation128]
Trichoderma reesei	✓		Silver Nitrate	Fungal Cell-Free Water Extract	1–25 nm	Not Reported		✓	[^Citation129]
Trichoderma viride	✓		Silver Nitrate	Fungal Cell Filtrate	1–50 nm	Antibacterial Activity against Acinetobacter baumannii, MRSA, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella boydii, and Shigella sonnei		✓	[^Citation130]
Trichoderma asperellum	✓		Silver Nitrate	Fungal Cell-Free Water Filtrate	13–18 nm	Not Reported		✓	[^Citation131]

Abbreviations: nm, nanometer; MRSA, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; MRSE, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis; MDR, Multidrug-Resistant; Au-NPs, Gold Nanoparticles; Ag-NPs, Silver Nanoparticles.

Figure 4 Comparative schematic showing the bacterial and fungal mediated nanoparticle synthesis.

Table 2 Enlist of Fungal Nanoparticles Showing Medical Applications

Species	Shape	Size (nm)	Nanoparticles					Application					References
			Ag	Au	Pt	TiO2	ZnO	AB	AF	AV	AC/CT	DD
Amylomyces rouxii KSU-09	•	5–27	✓					✓	✓				[^Citation140]
Aspergillus clavitus	–	550–650	✓					✓	✓				[^Citation74]
Aspergillus flavus	•	62–74				✓		✓	✓				[^Citation141]
Aspergillus fumigatus	•	15–45	✓							✓			[^Citation142]
Aspergillus niger	•	3–30	✓					✓	✓				[^Citation143]
Aspergillus niger	•	14–645	✓						✓				[^Citation144]
Aspergillus niger	•	53–69					✓	✓					[^Citation145]
Candida albicans	–	20–80		✓							✓		[^Citation146]
Cladosporium perangustum	•	30–40	✓								✓		[^Citation147]
Cladosporium sp.	•	5–10		✓							✓		[^Citation148]
Fusarium oxysporum	•	20–50	✓					✓					[^Citation149]
Macrophomina phaseolina	•	5–40	✓						✓				[^Citation150]
Morchella esculenta	•	16.5		✓				✓	✓		✓		[^Citation151]
Penicillium brevicompactum	•	10–50		✓								✓	[^Citation152]
Penicillium chrysogenum	•	5–40			✓						✓		[^Citation153]
Penicillium oxalicum	•	60–80	✓					✓					[^Citation154]
Penicillium sp.	•	25–30	✓					✓					[^Citation155]
Phoma glomerata	•	60–80	✓					✓					[^Citation116]
Pleurotus sajor caju	•	30.5	✓					✓					[^Citation151]
Trichoderma harzianum	•	32–44		✓				✓					[^Citation126]
Trichoderma longibrachiatum	•	10	✓						✓				[^Citation156]
Trichoderma viride	• and /	5–40	✓					✓					[^Citation157]
Verticillium sp.	•	25	✓					✓	✓				[^Citation158]

Abbreviations: •, Spherical; /, Rod; Au, Gold; Ag, Silver; Pt, Platinum; TiO₂, Titanium Dioxide; ZnO, Zinc Oxide; AB, Anti-bacterial Activity; AF, Anti-fungal Activity; AV, Anti-viral Activity; AC/CT, Anti-cancerous Activity/Cancer Therapy; DD, Drug Delivery.

Figure 5 Schematic diagram showing the mechanism of antibacterial activity of functionalized metallic nanoparticles [Image Courtesy: 166. Under CC-BY license].

Figure 6 Diverse application of fungal based nanoparticles in the field of biomedicine.

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