The Dual Effect of 3D-Printed Biological Scaffolds Composed of Diverse Biomaterials in the Treatment of Bone Tumors

Figures & data

Table 1 Different Technical Means Applied to 3D Printing

	Stereolithography (SLA)	Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)	Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)	Binder-Based 3DP
Technical principle	Ultraviolet laser irradiation	Laser radiation	Extruded from the hot nozzle	Adhesive, adhesive powder
Product	Bioceramics, polymers	Bioceramics, metals, polymers	Bioceramics, polymers	Bioceramics, polymers
Cost	High	High	Low	Low
Form of raw material	Liquid	Powder	Solid	Powder

Table 2 Application of 3D-Printed Scaffold of Different Materials in Bone Tumors

Scaffold Type	Composition	Characteristic	Application	Literature
HA scaffold	HA, HACC, PLGA, PCL, DOX	Excellent antibacterial property, bone conductivity, and good biological and mechanical properties	Improve osteoblast proliferation, promote bone defect regeneration, anti-infection, load chemotherapy drugs anti-tumor	[58–63]
BCP scaffold	HA, β-TCP, ZrO2	Good bone conductivity, biocompatibility, suitable mechanical property	Bone defect substitute and promoting the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs)	[66,67]
Bioactive glass scaffold	Na2O, CaO, SiO2, P2O5, HM, DOX	Able to form a binding interface with the surrounding tissue and has excellent bone conductivity	Promoting the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells, anti-tumor using chemical drugs and photothermal effect, and MBG nanolayer applied on β-TCP can significantly improve the osteogenic ability and promote bone angiogenesis.	[68–72]
Calcium silicate scaffold	CaSiO, PLGA, β-TCP	The process is simple and has good mechanical property	Inducing hydroxyapatite (HA) formation, promoting cell growth, enhancing angiogenesis and osteoinduction, and stimulating secretion of PDGF-BB and chemokine matrix derived factor-1 (CXCL12) into the surrounding environment.	[76,77]
Metal support	Ti, Mg, Ta, Cu, MOF, PLGA, PLLA	Excellent compressive strength, excellent osteogenic activity, biodegradability, good biocompatibility, and excellent photothermal property	Anti-tumor therapy with photothermal therapy	[80,84,87–91]
Polymer scaffold	Sodium alginate (SA)/gelatin (Gel) hydrogel, alginate dialdehyde-gelatin (ADA-gel) hydrogel, nanoparticles	Excellent anti-infection property, able to load cells, nanoparticles.	Promoting stem cell proliferation and osteoblast differentiation, loading with drugs for anti-tumor, loading with nanoparticles for photothermal therapy and enhancing antibacterial effect	[92,93]
Nanocomposite scaffold	Nano-liposome particles, gold nanoparticles (AuNP), silver nanoparticles (AgNP), polymer nanoparticles	Magnetocaloric properties, Photothermal properties	Photothermal therapy and magnetothermal therapy for anti-tumor treatment and promotion of bone regeneration	[95–99]

Figure 1 DLP-based 3D printed bifunctional calcium titanate scaffolds for photothermal therapy and bone regeneration.

Notes: Reprinted from Journal of Materials Chemistry, 22(24), Wu C, Fan W, Zhou Y, Luo Y. 3D-printing of highly uniform CaSiO3 ceramic scaffolds: preparation, characterization and in vivo osteogenesis. 12288–12295, Copyright 2012, with permission from Elsevier.⁸³

Figure 2 Schematic illustration of the 3D printed PLGA/Mg scaffold used to inhibit postoperative osteosarcoma recurrence and promote bone regeneration.

Notes: Reprinted from Zadpoor AA, J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 70, Mechanics of additively manufactured biomaterials. 1–6, Copyright 2017, with permission from Elsevier.⁸⁷

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