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REVIEW

Emulsion Technology in Nuclear Medicine: Targeted Radionuclide Therapies, Radiosensitizers, and Imaging Agents

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 4449-4470 | Received 11 Apr 2023, Accepted 19 Jul 2023, Published online: 03 Aug 2023

Figures & data

Figure 1 Schematic diagram showing different kinds of drug-loaded emulsions classified by their dispersed and continuous phases: oil-in-water (O/W), water-in-oil (W/O), and water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W).

Figure 1 Schematic diagram showing different kinds of drug-loaded emulsions classified by their dispersed and continuous phases: oil-in-water (O/W), water-in-oil (W/O), and water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W).

Figure 2 Re-188-ECD Lipiodol® emulsion with thermal responsive characteristic, (A) thermal responsive triblock copolymer emulsifier, (B) Illustration of the emulsion preparation, (C) Re-188-ECD Lipiodol® targeting N1-S1 hepatoma-bearing rats.

Notes: Originally published by and used with permission from Dove Medical Press Ltd, Shih YH, Lin XZ, Yeh CH, et al Preparation and therapeutic evaluation of (188)Re-thermogelling emulsion in rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Nanomedicine. 2014;9:4191–4201.Citation75
Figure 2 Re-188-ECD Lipiodol® emulsion with thermal responsive characteristic, (A) thermal responsive triblock copolymer emulsifier, (B) Illustration of the emulsion preparation, (C) Re-188-ECD Lipiodol® targeting N1-S1 hepatoma-bearing rats.

Figure 3 Perfluoro carbon (PFC) encapsulated emulsion with different emulsifiers (graphene oxide (GO), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and TWEEN20).

Notes: Used with permission of Royal Society of Chemistry, from Jalani G, Jeyachandran D, Bertram Church R, Cerruti M. Graphene oxide-stabilized perfluorocarbon emulsions for controlled oxygen delivery. Nanoscale. 2017;9(29):10,161–10,166; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.Citation103
Figure 3 Perfluoro carbon (PFC) encapsulated emulsion with different emulsifiers (graphene oxide (GO), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and TWEEN20).

Figure 4 (a) preparation of bioinspired perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers with concave shape and deformable shell consisting of 1) Shirasu porous glass (SPG) emulsification to generate size-controlled emulsion, 2) evaporation-induced phase separation to form spherical and deformable PFC-based OCs (DFCs), and 3) solvent-induced shape change to obtain the “concave-shaped” DFCs (cDFCs) and (b) SEM images of DFCs, cDFCs, and human red blood cell (hRBC).

Notes: Reprinted with permission from Fu X, Ohta S, Kawakatsu T, Kamihira M, Sakai Y, Ito T. Bioinspired Perfluorocarbon-Based Oxygen Carriers with Concave Shape and Deformable Shell. Adv Mater Technol. 2022;7(3):2,100,573. © 2021 Wiley-VCHGmbH.Citation105
Figure 4 (a) preparation of bioinspired perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers with concave shape and deformable shell consisting of 1) Shirasu porous glass (SPG) emulsification to generate size-controlled emulsion, 2) evaporation-induced phase separation to form spherical and deformable PFC-based OCs (DFCs), and 3) solvent-induced shape change to obtain the “concave-shaped” DFCs (cDFCs) and (b) SEM images of DFCs, cDFCs, and human red blood cell (hRBC).

Figure 5 Ga-67 and 68-radiolabeled sphingomyelin nanoemulsions using DTPA-PE and NOTA-SA as chelating ligand for PET and SPECT imaging and the demonstration of nanoemulsions surface modification by polyethylene glycol (PEG) and hyaluronic acid.

Notes: Originally published by and used with permission from Dove Medical PressLtd, Díez-Villares S, Pellico J, Gómez-Lado et al Biodistribution of (68/67)Ga-Radiolabeled Sphingolipid Nanoemulsions by PET and SPECT Imaging. Int J Nanomedicine. 2021;16:5923–5935.Citation21
Figure 5 Ga-67 and 68-radiolabeled sphingomyelin nanoemulsions using DTPA-PE and NOTA-SA as chelating ligand for PET and SPECT imaging and the demonstration of nanoemulsions surface modification by polyethylene glycol (PEG) and hyaluronic acid.