Ultrasensitive Hierarchical AuNRs@SiO₂@Ag SERS Probes for Enrichment and Detection of Insulin and C-Peptide in Serum

Figures & data

Scheme 1 Schematic diagram of (A) synthesis of SERS probe and (B) SERS-based immunoassay used to detect insulin antibodies and C-peptide antibodies.

Figure 1 (A) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)image of Au NRs; (B) Transmission electron microscope image of Au NRs@4-MBA/DTNB@SiO₂; (C) Transmission electron microscope image of Au NRs@4-MBA/DTNB@SiO₂ @Ag; (D) UV-vis spectra of Au NRs, Au NRs@4-MBA@SiO₂, Au NRs@DTNB@SiO₂, Au NRs@4-MBA @SiO₂@Ag and Au NRs@DTNB@SiO₂ @Ag; (E) Raman spectra of 4-MBA solution (0.01M), Au NRs, Au NRs@4-MBA@SiO₂, Au NRs@4-MBA@SiO₂@Ag; (F) Raman spectra of DTNB solution (0.01M), Au NRs, Au NRs@DTNB@SiO₂, Au NRs@DTNB@SiO₂@Ag.

Table 1 Comparison of This Work and Other Methods Used in Insulin and C-Peptide Detection

Materials	Method	Linear Range	LOD	Ref.
Insulin	CV	400–1800 nM	22.88 nM	[44]
	ECL	40–200 nM	2.24 nM	[43]
	ECL	4–800 nM	350 pM	[45]
	FIA	100–1000 nM	50 nM	[46]
	FIA	0.28–1254 pM	0.28 pM	[47]
	ECL	100 pM-4 µM	22 pM	[48]
	FIA	0.1–0.6 nM	3.3 pM	[49]
	FIA	15–100 pM	2.6 pM	[50]
	SERS	4.29×10^−5 pM - 4.29 pM	4.29×10^−5 pM	This work
C-peptide	LC–MS/MS Mass spectrometry	28 pM-8.4 nM	28 pM	[51]
	RIA	0–33.3 pM	33.3 pM	[52]
	FIA	27 pM-9.3 nM	27 pM	[47]
	ELISA	30 pM-2.36 nM	30 pM	[53]
	TRFIA	260 pM-38.76 nM	27 pM	[47]
	CLIA	210 pM-5.22 nM	3.33 pM	[54]
	ECL	20–1700 pM	4.7 pM	[10]
	ELISA	1.5–37 pM	1.5 pM	[55]
	SERS	1.76×10^−10–1.76×10^−3 nM	1.76×10^−10 nM	This work

Figure 2 (A) SERS spectrum of Au NRs@4-MBA@SiO₂@Ag@insulin antibody response to different concentrations of insulin (4.29 pM, 0.429 pM, 4.29×10⁻² pM, 4.29×10⁻³ pM, 4.29×10⁻⁴ pM, 4.29×10⁻⁵ pM); (B) SERS spectrum of Au NRs@DTNB@SiO₂@Ag @C-peptide antibody responds to different concentrations of C-peptide (1.76×10⁻³ nM, 1.76×10⁻⁴ nM, 1.76×10⁻⁵ nM, 1.76×10⁻⁷ nM, 1.76×10⁻⁹ nM, 1.76×10⁻¹⁰ nM); (C) The calibration curve of peak intensity at 1075 cm⁻¹ varies with the lg value of insulin concentration;(D) Calibration curve of peak intensity at 1333 cm⁻¹ varies with lg value of C-peptide concentration.

Figure 3 The results of serum insulin (A) and C-peptide (B) were compared with those of the clinical reference method (chemiluminescence method). Bland-Altman charts (C and D) and Pass-Bablok regression (E and F) were used for consistency analysis of the two detection methods.

Figure 4 The results of serum insulin (A) and C-peptide (B) were compared with the results of clinical reference detection method (chemiluminescence method). Bland-Altman charts (C and D) and Pass-Bablok regression (E and F) were used for consistency analysis of the two detection methods.

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