Nanopharmacology in translational hematology and oncology

Figures & data

Figure 1 Nanoparticles used in medicine.

Figure 2 miRNA-based approaches in cancer therapy.

Abbreviation: miRNA, micro ribonucleic acid.

Table 1 Examples of miRNA therapeutic implications in hematological malignancies

Hematological disease	Study model	Target miRNA	Biological effect	Reference
MCL	MCL cell line; xenograft MCL mouse model	miR-17-92 cluster	Protein phosphatase PHLPP2, a key negative regulator of the PI3K/AKT pathway, being a target of miR-17-92	^Citation118,Citation137,Citation138
AML	OCI-AML3 and Molm13	let-7a	CXCR4 regulates let-7a expression via YY1, leading to the activation of MYC and BCLXL in AML cells	^Citation139
	AML versus healthy individuals	miR-221/222	miR-221/222 can be considered a marker of disease progression and an important therapeutic target	^Citation140
	AML cell lines, mouse models, and primary samples	Mir-29	Target apoptosis, cell cycle, and proliferation pathways; reduce tumorigenesis	^Citation141
	AML versus healthy individuals	miR-155	miR-155 upregulation identifies high-risk patients	^Citation142
ALL	Reh cells, ALL primary cells	MiR-125b, miR-100, and miR-99a	Coregulate vincristine resistance in childhood ALL	^Citation143
CLL	MEG-01 cells; tumor xenografts of leukemic cells in nude mice and in primary CLL samples	miR-15 and miR-16	miR-15 and miR-16 induce apoptosis by targeting BCL2	^Citation144
	CLL samples in animal models	miR-29 and miR-181	miR-29 and miR-181 are inversely correlated with TCL1 expression	^Citation145
CML	Imatinib-resistant versus imatinib-responsive patients	miR-181c	miR-181c target genes like PBX3, HSP90B1, NMT2, and RAD21 were correlated with drug response	^Citation146
	K562 cells, CML patients versus healthy individuals	miR-196b	miR-196b downregulation increase the expression of BCR-ABL1 and HOXA9 oncogenes	^Citation147
	K562 cells, CML patients versus healthy individuals	mRNA-30a	mRNA-30a downregulation leads to increased ABL1 and BCR-ABL1 expression	^Citation148

Abbreviations: miRNA, micro ribonucleic acid; MCL, mantle cell lymphoma; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; AML, acute myeloid leukemia; CXCR4, chemokine receptor type 4; MYC, myelocytomatosis oncogene; BCLXL, B-cell lymphoma–extra large; ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia; CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia; MEG-01, maternal-effect germ; BCL2, B-cell lymphoma 2; CML, chronic myeloid leukemia.

Table 2 Various nanostructures used in translational cancer research

Disease	Nanostructure	Active agent	Biological effect	Reference
Kaposi sarcoma	Liposomes	Doxorubicin	Cytostatic	^Citation155
Colorectal cancer	Carbon nanotubes	Anti-EGFR antibody	Cytostatic	^Citation156
Melanoma	Carbon nanotubes	Hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether	Photodynamic therapy	^Citation157
Malignant gliomas	Carbon nanotubes	Tumor lysate	Vaccination	^Citation158
Breast cancer	Carbon nanotubes	Paclitaxel	Cytostatic	^Citation159
Pancreatic cancer	Gold nanoparticles	Bortezomib	Cytostatic	^Citation160
Breast cancer	Gold nanoparticles	Gadolinium chelate	Diagnostics	^Citation161
Neuroblastoma	Gold nanoparticles	Barium titanate	Photothermal therapy	^Citation162
Hepatocellular carcinoma	Silver nanoparticles	Protein conjugate silver sulfide	Cytostatic	^Citation163
Breast cancer	Quantum dots	Mortalin antibody	Diagnostics	^Citation164
Lung cancer	Quantum dots	CdTE:Zn^2+	Diagnostics	^Citation165

Abbreviation: EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor.

Figure 3 Bench-to-bedside evolution in translational hematology and oncology.

Abbreviations: FFPE, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded; miRNA, micro ribonucleic acid; qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.

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