Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for treatment of oral cancer: a review

Figures & data

Table 1 Examples of drug delivery systems, compositions, and aims for cancer treatments

System	Drugs	System components	Aims	Reference
PNP	Paclitaxel	Albumin	To improve the solubility of the drugs. To reduce allergic reaction.	^Citation118
PNP	Naringenin	Eudragit^® E (Röhm GmbH & Co. KG, Darmstadt, Germany): poly vinyl alcohol	To improve oral bioavailability.	^Citation119
PNP	Ganciclovir	PEG; PBLG	To improve the transference and the drug delivery into the tumor.	^Citation120
PNP	Cisplatin	PEG-poly(glutamic acid) block copolymers	To improve the drug inhibitory effect and decreases toxicity.	^Citation121
PNP	Chlorin(e6)	Hyperbranched poly(ether ester) polymer	To improve the in vitro photodynamic therapy activity.	^Citation122
SLN	Idarubicin hydrochloride	Sodium tetradecyl sulfate, emulsifying wax, polyoxyl 20 stearyl ether (Brij^® 78; Uniqema, Wilmington, DE, USA), and D-alpha-tocopheryl PEG 1,000 succinate	To improve the internalization of SLN, the drug delivery, and drug stabilization.	^Citation133
SLN	BODIPY^® FL C12 (Molecular Probes, Inc., Eugene, OR, USA)	Emulsifying wax and polyoxyl 20 stearyl ether (Brij^® 78; Uniqema)	To improve the internalization of SLN, the drug delivery, and drug stabilization.	^Citation133
NLC	Curcumin and genistein	Oleic acid, lecithin, glycerol monostearate, and Tween^® 80 (Meryer (Shanghai) Chemical Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China)	To enhance intracellular uptake of the NLC by the cells.	^Citation139
NLC	All-trans retinoic acid	Cetyl palmitate, oleic acid, soybean oil, medium-chain triglyceride	To prolong the drug release and increase the drug inhibitory effect.	^Citation141
NLC	Docetaxel	Stearic acid, glyceryl monostearate, soya lecithin, oleic acid	To prolong the drug release and increase the drug inhibitory effect.	^Citation143
NLC	Etoposide	Monostearin, soybean oil, soya lecithin, PEG, DSPE	To enhance bioavailability. To increase the drug inhibitory effect.	^Citation145
NLC	Quercetin	Glycerol monostearate, medium-chain triglycerides, lecithin, didodecyldimethylammonium bromide	To improve the drug release.	^Citation147
NLC	Etoposide	Monostearin, soybean oil, soya lecithin, PEG, DSPE	To enhance the drug bioavailability. To increase the drug inhibitory effect.	^Citation145
PNP	Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody	Gold	To provide a potential technique for oral cancer diagnosis.	^Citation150
PNP	Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody	Gold	To establish early diagnosis of oral cancer.	^Citation151
PNP	–	Gold	To study the effect of plasmonic photothermal therapy.	^Citation152
Liposome	–	Polycationic liposome (Metafectene^®; Biontex Laboratories GmbH, München, Germany)	To investigate the effect of high concentrations of fetal bovine serum on the transfection efficiency.	^Citation157
Liposome	Aluminum phthalocyanine chloride	Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, or cardiolipin	To investigate the effects of photodynamic therapy.	^Citation158
Liposome	Aluminum phthalocyanine chloride	Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine	To investigate the effects of photodynamic therapy.	^Citation159
Hydrogel	Cisplatin	PHE, NIPAAm, EBA	To investigate the FOXO3a activity-modulating and antitumor effects of rapamycin and cisplatin in OSCC cells.	^Citation174
Hydrogel	Cisplatin	Chitosan, glycerol phosphate	To investigate the in vitro cisplatin release from thermosensitive chitosan hydrogels.	^Citation175
Hydrogel	Cisplatin	Hyaluronic acid	To develop a drug delivery system for prolonged intraperitoneal retention.	^Citation177
Hydrogel	Cisplatin	PEG-poly(ε-caprolactone)-PEG	To improve the therapeutic effects of intratumoral chemotherapy on OSCC cell xenografts.	^Citation178
LC	Paclitaxel	Water, polyoxyethylene 10 oleyl ether (Brij^® 97; Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA), medium-chain mono-/diglycerides	To evaluate whether and how liquid crystalline systems can be tailored to maximize paclitaxel cutaneous delivery.	^Citation185
LCNPs	Paclitaxel	Soy phosphatidyl choline, glycerol dioleate	To develop long-circulating LCNP carriers.	^Citation192
CD	Imiquimod	Polyvinylpyrrolidone, ethanol, propylene glycol, carboxymethylcellulose	To develop a mucoadhesive film for the conveyance of highly hydrophobic drug.	^Citation201
CD	Paclitaxel	Hyaluronic acid	To control drug release.	^Citation202
CD	Paclitaxel	Dextran 2-methoxypropene, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, p-toluenesulfonic acid, 2,2-dimethoxypropane	To improve cytotoxic activity against various tumor cells.	^Citation203

Abbreviations: CD, cyclodextrin; DSPE, distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine; EBA, N,N’-ethylene-bis-acrylamide; LC, liquid crystal; LCNP, liquid crystalline nanoparticle; NIPAAm, N-isopropylacrylamide; NLC, nanostructured lipid carrier; PNP, polymeric nanoparticle; OSCC, oral squamous cell carcinoma; PBLG, poly(γ-benzyl l-glutamate); PEG, polyethylene glycol; PHE, N-acryloyl-l-phenylalanine; SLN, solid lipid nanoparticle.

Figure 1 Schematic differences between nanocapsule, nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC), polymeric nanoparticle (PNP), and solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) drug delivery systems.

Figure 2 Schematic representation of unilamellar (A) and multilamellar (B) liposomes.

Note: The arrow indicates an enlarged view of the outer layers of multilamellar liposomes.

Figure 3 Hydrophilic polymeric chains network and release the drug for dissolution through the spaces of their mesh.

Figure 4 Schematic representation of lamellar (A), hexagonal (B), and cubic (C) liquid crystal mesophases.

Figure 5 Representation of cyclodextrin, drug, and cyclodextrin complex.

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