Evaluation of hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities of 80% methanolic seed extract of Calpurnia aurea (Ait.) Benth. (Fabaceae) in mice

Figures & data

Table 1 Acute oral toxicity study of the 80% methanolic seed extract of Calpurnia aurea

Test sequence	Mouse ID	Dose (mg/kg)	Outcome	Remark
1	1	175	Dead	Convulsion was followed by death within 10 mins after dosing
2	2	55	Survived	No death and sign of toxicity was observed
3	3	175	Dead	Convulsion was followed by death within 10 mins after dosing
4	4	55	Survived	No death and sign of toxicity was observed
5	5	175	Dead	Convulsion was followed by death within 10 mins after dosing
6	6	55	Survived	No death and sign of toxicity was observed

Table 2 Hypoglycemic activity of hydromethanolic Calpurnia aurea seed extract in normoglycemic mice

Group	Blood glucose level (mg/dL)
	0 h	1 h	2 h	4 h	6 h
DW 10 ml/kg	68.17±7.97	70.22±7.90	72.33±8.09	73.5±7.33	68.06±7.99
CASE 2.75 mg/kg	69.00±2.52	72.17±9.64	62.56±8.34	60.56±10.17	58.11±10.47
CASE 5.5 mg/kg	74.61±3.81	74.00±3.13	72.28±2.41	61.89±1.90	59.39±5.14^β1
CASE 11 mg/kg	70.11±3.71	62.50±4.40	59.39±2.73	47.17±3.59^a1, β2	37.78±3.80^a1, β3
GLC 5 mg/kg	70.56±5.86	54.00±5.34	47.72±5.03^c1, β1	41.89±2.73^a2, β3	37.67±2.4^a1, β3

Notes: Each value represents mean ± SEM, n=6 for each treatment. ^aCompared to the negative control, ^ccompared to CASE 5.5 mg/kg, ^βcompared to the baseline blood glucose level. ¹p<0.05, ²p<0.01 and ³p<0.001.

Abbreviations: CASE, C. aurea seed extract; DW, distilled water; GLC, glibenclamide.

Table 3 Effect of the hydromethanolic Calpurnia aurea seed extract on oral glucose tolerance in normoglycemic mice

Group	Blood glucose level (mg/dL)
	0 min	30 min	60 min	120 min
DW 10 ml/kg	87.06±8.25	202.95±15.84^β3	142.17±15.66^β1, µ1	112.45±13.29^µ3
CASE 2.75 mg/kg	88.67±4.30	210.83±9.65^β3	132.61±12.07^β2, µ3	84.28±3.30^µ3
CASE 5.5 mg/kg	84.11±7.65	172.83±13.61^β3	128.44±11.39^β2, µ1	80.94±2.40^a1, µ3
CASE 11 mg/kg	76.50±2.69	202.56±17.12^β3	130.22±11.38^β2, µ3	76.45±2.96^a1 µ3
GLC 5 mg/kg	81.44±1.24	180.72±8.75^β3	82.83±5.43^a1, µ3	61.78±8.59^a3, c1, µ3

Notes: Each value represents mean ± SEM, n=6 for each treatment. ^aCompared to the negative control, ^βcompared to the baseline blood glucose level, ^µcompared to the blood glucose level at 30 min. ¹p<0.05, ²p<0.01 and ³p<0.001. Time refers to the time after oral glucose administration.

Abbreviations: CASE, C. aurea seed extract; DW, distilled water; GLC, glibenclamide.

Table 4 Antihyperglycemic activity of single dose of Calpurnia aurea seed extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

Group	Blood glucose level (mg/dL)
	0 h	2 h	4 h	6 h	8 h
DW 10 mL/kg	394.11±31.03	383.06±27.65	396.39±26.71	397.45±18.52	399.61±22.00
CASE 2.75 mg/kg	369.45±33.27	307.00±62.98	255.00±49.74	245.50±57.01	235.11±49.68
CASE 5.5 mg/kg	395.39±53.55	308.78±61.45	232.06±60.77	193.83±45.04^a1	197.11±54.32^a1
CASE 11 mg/kg	341.89±50.75	267.06±45.23	194.78±30.46	183.39±27.12^a1, β1	157.83±19.81^a2, β1
GLC 5 mg/kg	368.50±43.02	283.39±39.09	176.61±14.01^a1, β3	171.72±18.27^a1, β3	155.72±13.59^a2, β3

Notes: Each value represents mean ± SEM, n=6 for each treatment. ^aCompared to the negative control, ^βcompared to the baseline blood glucose level. ¹p<0.05, ²p<0.01, ³p<0.001.

Abbreviations: CASE, C. aurea seed extract; DW, distilled water; GLC, glibenclamide.

Table 5 Antihyperglycemic effect of repeated doses of Calpurnia aurea seed extract in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

Group	Fasting blood glucose level (BGL; mg/dL)			Percent reduction in baseline BGL
	Baseline	7th day	14th day	7th day	14th day
Diabetic control	394.11±31.0^n3	383.67±45.83^n3	387.00±47.77^n3	2.6%	1.8%
CASE 2.75 mg/kg	369.45±33.27^n3	222.17±34.81^a1, β1	218.95±34.59^a1, β1	39.86%	40.73%
CASE 5.5 mg/kg	395.39±53.55^n3	195.83±24.23^a2, β2	191.17±23.91^a2, β2	50.47%	51.65%
CASE 11 mg/kg	341.89±50.75^n3	154.39±23.19^a3, β2	148.22±23.22^a3, β2	54.84%	56.65%
GLC 5 mg/kg	368.50±43.02^n3	145.56±26.72^a3, β3	136.67±26.41^a3, β3	60.49%	62.91%
Normal control	76.83±2.51	77.67±2.50	78.67±2.75	−1.09%	−2.4%

Notes: Each value represents mean ± SEM, n=6 for each group. ^aCompared to the diabetic control, ⁿcompared to the normal control, ^βcompared to baseline blood glucose level. ¹p<0.05, ²p<0.01, ³p<0.001.

Abbreviations: CASE, C. aurea seed extract; GLC, glibenclamide.

Table 6 Effect of the repeated doses of CASE on body weight of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

Group	Body weight (g)
	Before induction of diabetes	Baseline	7th day of treatment	14th day of treatment
Diabetic control	28.67±0.95	26.77±0.89	23.88±1.24^n2	20.88±1.15^n3, β2
CASE 2.75 mg/kg	28.58±0.99	27.92±1.40	26.93±1.72	27.00±1.75^a2
CASE 5.5 mg/kg	28.50±0.75	27.50±0.82	26.68±0.90	26.95±0.89^a2
CASE 11 mg/kg	28.92±0.72	27.58±1.01	27.18±1.01	27.67±0.98^a3
GLC 5 mg/kg	28.75±0.48	26.07±0.73	25.95±0.71	26.53±0.72^a2
Normal control	29.00±0.47	29.45±0.36	30.03±0.53	30.70±0.59

Notes: Each value represents mean ± SEM, n=6 for each group. ^aCompared to the diabetic control, ⁿcompared to the normal control, ^βcompared to baseline body weight. ¹p<0.05, ²p<0.01, ³p<0.001.

Abbreviations: CASE, Calpurnia aurea seed extract; GLC, glibenclamide.

Table 7 Effect of repeated doses of Calpurnia aurea seed extract on serum lipid level of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

Groups	Serum lipid level (mg/dL)
	TC	TG	HDL-C
Diabetic control	191.33±4.07^n3	164.83±13.49^n3	22.17±3.05^n3
CASE 2.75 mg/kg	157.67±10.60^n3	128.50±6.21^a1, n3	33.00±2.88
CASE 5.5 mg/kg	150.33±10.60^a1, n3	127.50±6.73^a1, n3	36.50±2.64^a1
CASE 11 mg/kg	149.67±4.06^a1, n3	119.50±4.22^a2, n2	37.00±0.58^a1
GLC 5 mg/kg	99.50±8.27^a3, b3, c2, d2	77.50±5.55^a3, b3, c3, d2	38.50±2.68^a2
Normal control	83.83±5.36	73.50±7.26	41.17±4.88

Notes: Each value represents mean ± SEM, n=6 for each group. ^aCompared to the diabetic control, ^bcompared to CASE 2.75 mg/kg, ^ccompared to CASE 5.5 mg/kg, ^dcompared to CASE 11 mg/kg, ⁿcompared to the normal control. ¹p<0.05, ²p<0.01, ³p<0.001.

Abbreviations: CASE, C. aurea seed extract; GLC, glibenclamide; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Availability of data and materials

All the datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.