Figures & data
Figure 1 Effect of FLLL32 and curcumin on IL-6-induced reduction of TEER in T84 monolayer.
Notes: TEER value of T84 monolayers incubated with cell culture medium for 0–72 hours in the presence of IL-6 (10 ng/mL) with FLLL32 (50 µM), curcumin (50 µM), or carrier (dimethyl sulfoxide) for 1 hour in serum-free medium. **p=0.001 (IL-6 vs. IL-6 + FLLL32 at 24 hours), ****p<0.0001 (IL-6 vs. IL-6 + FLLL32 at 48 and 72 hours), and #p=0.003 (IL-6 vs. IL-6 + curcumin).
Abbreviations: IL, interleukin; TEER, transepithelial electrical resistance.
Figure 2 Determination of no-observable-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL).
Notes: P8-P14 CD-1 mouse pups were orally gavaged 25 and 50 mg/kg of FLLL32 once daily for 7 days. Pups were weighed daily and observed for side effects. *p<0.05 (FLLL32 [50 mg/kg] vs. control at 6 days), **p<0.01 (FLLL32 [50 mg/kg] vs. control at 7 days). #p<0.001 (FLLL32 [50 mg/kg] vs. FLLL32 [25 mg/kg] at 6 days). ##p<0.0001 (FLLL32 [50 mg/kg] vs. FLLL32 [25 mg/kg]).
![Figure 2 Determination of no-observable-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL).Notes: P8-P14 CD-1 mouse pups were orally gavaged 25 and 50 mg/kg of FLLL32 once daily for 7 days. Pups were weighed daily and observed for side effects. *p<0.05 (FLLL32 [50 mg/kg] vs. control at 6 days), **p<0.01 (FLLL32 [50 mg/kg] vs. control at 7 days). #p<0.001 (FLLL32 [50 mg/kg] vs. FLLL32 [25 mg/kg] at 6 days). ##p<0.0001 (FLLL32 [50 mg/kg] vs. FLLL32 [25 mg/kg]).](/cms/asset/31096784-0111-4feb-a5d6-b67ae564d366/djir_a_131051_f0002_b.jpg)
Figure 3 FLLL32 attenuates intestinal inflammation and injury in DK NEC model.
Notes: Representative H&E pictures from pups in the sham group (A), untreated NEC group (B), and NEC + FLLL32 group (C); 20× magnification. (D) Histological NEC scoring was obtained by two pathologists blinded to the groups. (E) FLLL32 preserved intestinal permeability in the NEC + FLLL32 group compared to the untreated group and control group. FLLL32 pretreatment reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α (F, p=0.001), IL-6 (G, p<0.001), IL-1β (H, p=0.009), and GRO-α levels (I, p=0.034) compared to pups in the untreated NEC group. Data are mean ± SEM. Results are representative of at least three separate experiments. **p<0.05; ****p<0.001.
Abbreviations: DK, dithizone/Klebsiella; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; GRO-α, growth-regulated oncogene-alpha; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin; NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL, interleukin; SEM, standard error of mean; ns, not significant.
