Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights: Are There Signs of an Emerging Discipline? A Systematic Review

Figures & data

Figure 1 Research strategy and results.

Table 1 Topics Studied

Topics	(N)	(%)
Autonomous Weapon Systems	39	24, 8%
Big Data	25	15.9%
Algorithms	24	15.3%
Regulations	19	12.1%
Robots	18	11, 4%
Media	16	10, 2%
Self driving cars	7	4.5%
Intellectual property	6	3.8%
Geolocation	2	1.3%
Total	157	100%

Table 2 Human Rights Addressed

Rights Addressed	(N)	(%)
Right to life	64	21.4%
Right to security/safety	58	19.4%
Protection of privacy	43	14.3%
The right to justice	28	9.3%
Right to health	13	4.3%
Right to democratic participation	12	4.0%
General (all rights)	12	4.0%
Non-discrimination	11	3.6%
Intellectual property	11	3.6%
Right to work	07	2.3%
Right to information	06	2.0%
Right to personal identity	06	2.0%
Freedom of movement	05	1.6%
Humanitarian rights	05	1.6%
Right of election and eligibility	03	1.0%
Freedom of expression	01	0.3%
Right to food	01	0.3%
Protection against torture	01	0.3%
Total	299	100%

Table 3 Impact of AI on HRs

Application Areas	Effects of AI	Protected Rights	Rights Under Threat
1. Agriculture	- Increased productivity - Increased food security - Improved food quality control	Right to life; Right to health, Right to security, right to work, Right to Dignity	Right to work, Right to Health Right to Life, Right to Culture, Right to Dignity
2. Health and health care	- Improved diagnostics - Geographical access to care - Increased safety in care - Strengthening and precision in prevention - Improved quality control of care - Improving health promotion	Right to health; Right to life Right to information, right to work, Right to participate	Right to work, Right to Health Right to Culture, Right to Life Right to Non-Discrimination
3. Mobility	- Increased safety in transport - Decrease in transport accidents - Reducing mortality - Likely cost reduction Accessibility to economic, social and cultural goods	Freedom of movement Right to life, Right to Education, Right to Work, Right to Health, Right to Safety and Security, Right to Association and Meeting	Right to Life, Right to Health Right to Non-Discrimination Freedom of movement
4. Environment	- Refinement of predictions of natural disasters - Improved civil protection control - Improved environmental research - Contribution to the protection of sensitive environments - Helping justice in the face of environmental damage - Improved energy consumption	Right to Life, Right to the Environment, Right to Health, Right to Safety and Security, Right to Food, Right to Participation, Right to Information	Right to work, right to life, right to health
5. Governance and Democracy	- Strengthening the efficiency of public services - Accessibility of services and procedures - Better mobilization of resources and allocation - Effective state management control	Right to participation, right to information, Freedoms of expression, association and assembly	Privacy and data protection; Right to safety and security, Right to Life, Right to Dignity and Right to Non-Discrimination
6. Education and Training	- Increased personalization of education processes - Solutions to the challenges of lifelong learning - Progress in equity in training - Accessibility to training programs - Better contextualization of program content - New forms of student-teacher collaboration	Right to Education, Right to Participation, Right to Enjoy benefits of Science, Right to Work	Right to Non-Discrimination Right to culture Right to education Right to work
7. Banks and Finance	- Improved access to banking and financial systems - Access to credit - Data reliability - Increased data processing capacity - Improved prevention of fraud.	Right to Education, Right to Life Right to Health, Right to Work, Right to enjoy the benefits of science	Right to equal treatment before the law Right to Non-Discrimination Right to work, Freedom of association, demonstration or assembly, Freedom of opinion
8. Economy	- Increased productivity - Technological innovations and social transformations - Reducing social inequalities - Reducing the cost of producing goods and services - Automation of production processes	Right to Life, Right to Enjoy the Benefits of Science, Right to Work, Right to Food, Right to Health, Right to Education	Right to work, Right to safety and security of the person, Right to Non-discrimination
9. Arts	- Stimulating creativity in the arts (Music, painting…) - Democratization of access to works of mind - Massification of the production of works - Improved copyright management processes - Lower costs of producing works of art	Right to work; The right to participate in cultural life; Right to benefit from scientific progress and its applications; copyright	Copyright Right of access to cultural property Right to Non-Discrimination Right to work,
10. Human security	- Improving the prevention of security threats - Lower monitoring and response costs - Improved decision-making tools (crossing sources) - Saves time in enforcement of decisions - Decision tracking and accountability - Support for other sectors of social life (Justice…)	Right to life, right to life and security, right to work, right to development and right to peace, right to fair trial and due process of law	Right to life, right to life and safety, Right to Health, Right to Non- discrimination, right to work.

Figure 2 Conceptual framework of artificial intelligence and human rights and of their mutual and dynamic linkages.