New Device to Measure Cross-Sectional Areas and Segmental Volumes of Objects and Limbs

Figures & data

Figure 1 A schematic presentation of the Peracutus Aqua Meth.

Figure 2 Profile of cross-sectional areas of a PVC pipe with socket and cap. Remarkable features in the graph are indicated (see text and Table 1 and Table 2).

Table 1 Comparison of Cross-Sectional Areas Measured with the PAM and with a Caliper

Range (cm)		Cross-Sectional Area (cm^2)		Delta
		PAM	Caliper^a	(cm^2)	%
A	63–32	44.46	44.10 (0.17)	0.36	0.8
D	28–25	52.05	52.27 (0.11)	−0.22	−0.4
G	10–5	44.48	44.22 (0.24)	0.26	0.6
H	^b	^b	^b	^b	^b
J	2.8–1.6	48.51	49.14 (0.20)	−0.63	−1.3

Notes: ^aCalculated from mean of three diameter measurements; segment A was measured at three positions (a total of nine measurements). The corresponding standard deviations are shown in parentheses. ^bNot applicable.

Table 2 Overshoot of Signals Due to Abrupt Discontinuities on the Object

Position (cm)		Cross-Sectional Area (cm^2)		Signal Overshoot
		PAM	Caliper^a	(cm^2)^c	%^d
B	30.2	64.78	64.40	^b	^b
C	28.7	50.53	52.27	−1.74	−14.3
E	22.8	64.13	64.28	^b	^b
F	21.1	42.50	44.20	−1.70	−8.5
I	3.4	49.65	49.14	0.51	10.4

Notes: ^aCalculated from mean of three diameter measurements. ^bNot applicable. ^cDelta between the peak value minus the actual value. ^dDelta between the peak value minus the actual value, relative to the step value.

Figure 3 Profiles of cross-sectional areas of arms of two mannequins. Only the first of 10 measured profiles are presented.

Table 3 Calculated Mean Volumes Between Two Chosen Positions of Arms 1 and 2

	Part of the Arm (Position in cm)	Mean Volume (mL)	Range (mL)*	Standard Deviation
				(mL)	%
Arm 1	12.6–66.0	2393.1	32.09	8.90	0.37
Arm 2	8.0–66.0	1621.4	17.11	5.47	0.34

Note: *Difference between the largest and smallest values.

Figure 4 Ten profiles of cross-sectional areas of the left arm of a voluntary test subject. The profiles have been aligned by setting the finger tips of all profiles at 0.