Cannabidiol (CBD) Upregulates Vitamin D3 Receptors (VDRs) Expression That Modulates Cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), Tissue Elasticity, Cellular Senescence, and Mitochondrial ATP Generation in Human and Rodent Cell Lines

Figures & data

Table 1 The effect of cannabidiol (CBD) on vitamin D₃ receptor (VDR) expression in terms of relative quantification (RQ) in multiple cell lines

Type of Cell-Line	Control	CBD-1 (µM)	CBD-2.5 (µM)	CBD-5 (µM)
	(Mean ± SEM)	(Mean ± SEM)	(Mean ± SEM)	(Mean ± SEM)
MG-63 (Bone)	1.03 ± 0.09	0.94 ± 0.20	1.93 ± 0.27*	2.16 ± 0.16*
MDA-MB-231 (Breast)	0.92 ± 0.08	1.23 ± 0.14	2.13 ± 0.24*	3.10 ± 0.28***
SH-SY5Y (Nerves)	1.00 ± 0.09	1.90 ± 0.20*	2.10 ± 0.15**	2.70 ± 0.20***
HEK-293 (Kidneys)	1.00 ± 0.08	1.50 ± 0.20	1.50 ± 0.18	2.00 ± 0.23*
HaCaT (Skin)	1.00 ± 0.04	1.10 ± 0.13	1.30 ± 0.14	1.50 ± 0.12
HT-29 (Colorectal)	1.00 ± 0.01	1.10 ± 0.05	1.50 ± 0.25	1.80 ± 0.15*
EaHy926 (Endothelium)	1.10 ± 0.16	1.70 ± 0.12	4.30 ± 0.25***	5.80 ± 0.29***
HepG2 (Liver)	1.20 ± 0.22	1.40 ± 0.08	3.70 ± 0.12***	5.60 ± 0.39***
A-549 (Lungs)	1.03 ± 0.12	1.10 ± 0.05	1.41 ± 0.07	1.61 ± 0.14*
THP-1 (Monocytes)	0.96 ± 0.04	0.02 ± 0.01	0.06 ± 0.02	0.11 ± 0.05
C2C12 (Muscle)	1.77 ± 0.06	2.02 ± 0.09	2.10 ± 0.07	2.90 ± 0.09***

Notes: Values are shown as mean ± SEM with three replicates. *p≤0.05, **p≤0.01, and ***p≤0.001 vs normal control group using One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test.

Abbreviation: CBD, Cannabidiol.

Figure 1 Evaluation of inflammatory cytokines viz. tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) after administration of cannabidiol (CBD) in the human monocytic cell line (THP-1). Values are shown as mean ± SEM with three replicates. All the treatment groups were pre-treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at 10 µg/mL except the normal control. *p≤0.05, **p≤0.01, and ***p≤0.001 vs vehicle control group (DMSO, 0.05%); while ^#p≤0.05 and ^###p≤0.001 vs normal control group using One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test.

Figure 2 Evaluation of tissue elasticity in terms of mean Young Modulus (YM) after administration of cannabidiol (CBD) in rat cardiomyoblast cell line (H9C2). Values are shown as mean ± SEM with three replicates. *p≤0.05 and ***p≤0.001 vs vehicle control group (DMSO, 0.05%) using One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test.

Figure 3 Evaluation of cellular senescence in terms of doubling time after administration of cannabidiol (CBD) in human lungs fibroblasts (WI-38) cell line. Values are shown as mean ± SEM with three replicates. The error bars represent the standard error of each mean. ^###p≤0.001 vs normal control group; *p≤0.05, **p≤0.01, and ***p≤0.001 vs vehicle control group (H₂O₂) using One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test.

Figure 4 Evaluation of ATP concentration after administration of cannabidiol (CBD) in human osteoblast (MG-63) cells. Values are shown as mean ± SEM with three replicates. ***p≤0.001 vs vehicle control group (DMSO, 0.05%) using One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test.