The Mediating Role of Emotion Dysregulation and Problematic Internet Use in the Relationship Between Negative Affect and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness: A Structural Equation Model

Figures & data

Figure 1 Hypothesized mediation model

Table 1 Descriptive Statistics of the Sample and Main Measures Related to Negative Affect (DASS-21), Emotion Dysregulation (DERS), Problematic Internet Use (CIUS-7) and Daytime Sleepiness (EES)

Variables	N	F (%)	Min	Max	Mean	SD	Skewness	Kurtosis
Gender
Males	197	197 (29.7)
Females	467	467 (70.7)
Age			18	70	32.13	11.710	0.625	−1.043
DASS-21
Stress			0	21	7.70	5.549	0.589	−0.466
Anxiety			0	21	3.72	4.370	1.416	1.644
Depression			0	21	5.75	5.214	0.961	0.158
DASS-21 total score			0	63	17.17	13.781	0.891	0.142
DERS
Non-Acceptance			6	30	13.36	5.912	0.849	−0.018
Goals			4	24	13.07	4.957	0.290	−0.669
Impulse			5	29	11.78	5.236	0.904	0.392
Awareness			0	24	9.51	5.197	0.293	−0.465
Strategies			7	39	17.12	7.070	0.929	0.392
Clarity			3	23	9.88	4.391	0.603	0.181
DERS total score			30	153	74.72	23.509	0.654	0.286
CIUS-7
CIUS 1			0	4	1.36	1.139	0.509	−0.543
CIUS 3			0	4	0.79	1.047	1.302	0.943
CIUS 5			0	4	0.88	1.110	1.138	0.349
CIUS 7			0	4	0.48	0.879	2.038	3.806
CIUS 9			0	4	0.65	0.912	1.463	1.814
CIUS 11			0	4	0.50	0.874	1.956	3.608
CIUS 12			0	4	1.24	1.178	0.711	−0.344
CIUS total score			0	27	5.89	5.304	1.257	1.523
ESS
ESS 1			0	3	0.72	0.862	1.019	0.223
ESS 2			0	3	1.55	0.944	0.004	−0.906
ESS 3			0	3	0.38	0.683	1.965	3.795
ESS 4			0	3	0.87	0.930	0.834	−0.242
ESS 5			0	3	1.73	0.941	−0.10	−0.982
ESS 6			0	3	0.10	0.394	4.436	21.55
ESS 7			0	3	0.75	0.873	0.965	0.067
ESS 8			0	3	0.12	0.436	4.025	17.41
EES total score			0	21	6.22	3.506	0.795	0.937

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; DASS-21, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale; DERS, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale; CIUS-7, Compulsive Internet Use Scale-7; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale.

Table 2 Correlations Between Negative Affect (DASS-21), Emotion Dysregulation (DERS), Problematic Internet Use (CIUS-7) and Daytime Sleepiness (EES)

	DASS-21	DERS	CIUS-7
DASS-21	–
DERS	0.647**	–
CIUS-7	0.453**	0.529**	–
EES	0.134*	0.188**	0.283**

Note: *p<0.01; **p<0.001.

Abbreviations: DASS-21, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale; DERS, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale; CIUS-7, Compulsive Internet Use Scale-7; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale.

Table 3 Parameters of the Final Measurement Model

Construct	Observed Variables	Latent Variable Loadings	Cronbach’s Alpha	Rho_A	Adjusted R^2
DASS-21	Stress	0.802
	Anxiety	0.833	0.919	0.922
	Depression	0.831
DERS	Non-accept	0.803
	Goals	0.822	0.879	0.885	0.366
	Impulse	0.853
	Strategies	0.917
	Clarity	0.707
CIUS-7	CIUS 1	0.758
	CIUS 3	0.603	0.919	0.939	0.330
	CIUS 5	0.686
	CIUS 7	0.766
	CIUS 9	0.775
	CIUS 11	0.757
	CIUS 12	0.747
ESS	ESS 1	0.667
	ESS 3	0.556	0.708	0.725	0.191
	ESS 4	0.587
	ESS 5	0.482
	ESS 6	0.629
	ESS 7	0.733

Abbreviations: DASS-21, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale; DERS, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale; CIUS-7, Compulsive Internet Use Scale-7; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale.

Figure 2 Standardized estimates of the mediation model.

Note: *p<0.05; **p<0.001.

Abbreviations: DASS, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale; DERS, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Strategies; CIUS-7, Compulsive Internet Use Scale; EES, Epworth Sleepiness Scale.