Time rather than sleep appears to enhance off-line learning and transfer of learning of an implicit continuous task

Figures & data

Figure 1 An example of one 36-second trial. Each segment is 12 seconds in length.

Table 1 Data for 17 individuals who completed the study

	Age, years	Sleep week prior to testing, hours	Stanford Sleepiness Scale at practice	Stanford Sleepiness Scale at retention
Sleep group (n=9)	27.0±3.12	7.16±0.65	2.38±0.74	1.88±0.64
No-sleep group (n=8)	27.5±5.98	7.50±0.37	2.56±0.73	1.89±0.78

Notes: Data are shown as the mean ± standard deviation. Sleep week prior is the average amount of sleep the week prior to testing determined by sleep log.

Figure 2 (A) Sleep group performance on the general skill and sequence-specific skill of the CT task across the practice. (B) No sleep group performance on the general skill and sequence-specific skill of the CT task across the practice. Errors are shown as the standard error of the mean.

Abbreviations: CT, continuous tracking; RMSE, root mean square error.

Figure 3 (A) Sleep group off-line learning between the last practice block and the retention test for the general skill and sequence-specific skill. (B) No sleep group off-line learning between the last practice block and the retention test for the general skill and sequence-specific skill. Errors are shown as the standard error of the mean.

Abbreviation: RMSE, root mean square error.

Figure 4 (A) Sleep group transfer of learning of sequence-specific and general skill learning to a spatial and temporal variation of the motor task. (B) No sleep group transfer of learning of sequence-specific and general skill learning to a spatial and temporal variation of the motor task. Errors are shown as the standard error of the mean.

Abbreviation: RMSE, root mean square error.