The UK Paediatric Ocular Trauma Study 3 (POTS3): clinical features and initial management of injuries

Figures & data

Table 1 Clinical findings at presentation

Clinical finding	Description	n	%*
Open-globe injury	Any	40	46.5
	Corneal laceration	35	40.7
	Iris/uveal prolapse	25	29.1
	Scleral rupture	3	3.5
	Vitreous incarceration	1	1.2
	Intraocular foreign body	1	1.2
Eyelid trauma	Any	26	30.2
	Lid laceration	24	27.9
	Lid foreign body	13	15.1
	Canalicular injury	8	9.3
	Eyelid burn	2	2.3
	Eyelid ecchymosis	1	1.2
Anterior segment trauma	Any	57	66.3
	Hyphema	24	27.9
	Flat/shallow anterior chamber	22	25.6
	Traumatic cataract	13	15.1
	Traumatic mydriasis	8	9.3
	Angle recession	4	4.7
	Iridodialysis	4	4.7
	Corneal oedema	2	2.3
	Corneal blood staining	2	2.3
	Hypopyon	1	1.2
Posterior segment trauma	Any	23	26.7
	Vitreous hemorrhage	11	12.8
	No fundal view	8	9.3
	Commotio retinae	8	9.3
	Retinal detachment	5	5.8
	Retinal tear	3	3.5
	Choroidal rupture	3	3.5
	Macular hole	2	2.3
	Foveal laser burn	1	1.2
	Submacular hemorrhage	1	1.2
Trauma affecting IOP	Any	22	25.6
	Hypotony	13	15.1
	Elevated IOP	9	10.5
Orbital trauma	Any	5	5.8
	Orbital fracture	4	4.7
	Traumatic optic neuropathy	2	2.3
	Orbital necrosis	1	1.2
Extraocular trauma	Facial soft tissue injury	2	2.3

Notes: Detailed breakdown ofclinical findings reported on incident questionnaires. n= number of patients displaying each feature; *% shown as a proportion of whole sample. Many patients presented with multiple injuries in the same segment of the eye; number of injuries reported therefore exceeds total number of patients in the sample.

Abbreviation: IOP, intraocular pressure.

Table 2 Classification of injury at presentation.

Classification of injury		n	%
Adnexal injury only		23	26.7
Closed globe
	Contusion	23	26.7
	Lamellar laceration	0	0
Open-globe
	Penetrating	34	39.5
	IOFB	1	1.2
	Perforating	1	1.2
	Rupture	4	4.7
Total		86	100

Note: Injury classified according to Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology (BETT) system.¹⁸

Abbreviation: IOFB, intraocular foreign body.

Figure 1 Best-corrected Snellen visual acuity at presentation. Data converted from LogMAR where appropriate.

Table 3 Factors influencing presenting visual acuity (VA)¹⁸

Predictors	Difference in logMAR VA	95% confidence interval
White female	Reference category
Non-white female	1.43	+0.52 to +2.35
White male	0.78	−0.21 to +1.78
Non-white male	−1.66	−2.82 to −0.50
Adnexal injury only	Reference category
Contusion	0.73	+0.16 to +1.30
Penetrating or IOFB	0.53	+0.02 to +1.04
Perforating or rupture	1.38	+0.53 to +2.24
+1 year age in female patients	+0.13	+0.03 to +2.32
+1 year age in male patients	−0.16	−0.04 to −2.71

Notes: Results of a generalized linear model created to assess the effect of time to presentation, gender, ethnicity, age, time to surgery, and injury classification according to BETT.¹⁸ Nonsignificant variables were removed from the model, and response categories collapsed where appropriate to improve model fit.

Abbreviation: IOFB, intraocular foreign body.

Khun F, Morris R, Witherspoon CD. Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology (BETT): terminology and classification of mechanical eye injuries. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. 2002;15(2):139–143.

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