Polypharmacy, Medication-Related Burden and Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence in People Living with HIV Aged 50 and Above: A Cross-Sectional Study in Hunan, China

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic and Disease-Related Characteristics for People Live with HIV Aged 50 and Above (N=185)

Variables	N (%), Mean ± SD	Medication-Related Burden	p value
Age	58.8±7.5		0.799
Sex			0.002^a
Male	136 (73.5%)	102.5 ± 15.13
Female	49 (26.6%)	110.5 ± 15.15
Place			0.936^a
Urban areas	121 65.4%	104.5 ± 16.28
Rural areas	64 34.6%	104.7 ± 14.09
Education			0.948^b
Primary school or below	33 (17.8%)	107.1 ± 16.76
Middle school	77 (41.6%)	104.5 ± 15.48
High school	42 (22.7%)	103.5 ± 14.43
College degree or above	33 (17.8%)	104.0 ± 15.96
Marriage status			0.976^b
Unmarried	6 (3.2%)	104.0 ± 24.0
Married	144 (78.9%)	104.5 ± 15.16
Divorced	18 (15.1%)	103.7 ± 13.9
Widowed	17 (9.2%)	106.7 ± 17.9
Work			0.731^b
Temporary	37 (20.0%)	102.0 ± 17.13
Stable	41 (22.2%)	103.4 ± 14.99
Farming	7 (3.8%)	107.0 ± 12.40
Retired	36 (19.5%)	106.7 ± 14.36
No job	64 (34.6%)	105.6 ± 15.88
Monthly income			0.000^b
≤1000	41 (22.2%)	114.2 ± 15.70
1001–3000	68 (36.8%)	104.2 ± 14.41
3001–5000	53 (28.6%)	102.3 ± 13.53
≥5001	23 (12.4%)	94.4 ± 14.11

Notes: ^at-test; ^bKruskal–Wallis test.

Figure 1 Specific classification of polypharmacy.

Table 2 Distribution of Potential Drug-Drug Interactions (PDDI) Among Specific Medications

	Efavirenz	Lopinavir and Ritonavir
Atorvastatin	5	2
Isosorbide dinitrate	2
Aspirin	1
Amlodipine	7	5
Gliclazide	3
Tamsulosin	1
Felodipine	1	1
Metronidazole		1
Carvedilol	2
Irbesartan	4	1
Clopidogrel		1
Letrozole	1
Finasteride	1
Nitrendipine	1	1
Moxifloxacin	1
Glibenclamide	1
Bisoprolol	1

Table 3 Domain Analysis of Medication-Related Burden

Domains, Mean ± SD	Scored 1–2, N (%)	Scored 3, N (%)	Scored 4–5, N(%)
1: Relationships (5 items), 13.7 ± 1.7	455 (49.2%)	212 (22.9%)	73 (7.9%)
2: Interference (6 items), 15.5 ± 4.3	789 (71.1%)	95 (8.6%)	217 (19.5%)
3: Practicalities (6 items), 14.4 ± 3.3	778 (70.1%)	58 (5.2%)	274 (24.7%)
4: Autonomy (3 items), 13.7 ± 1.7	15 (2.7%)	15 (2.7%)	525 (94.6%)
5: Concerns (7 items), 21.8 ± 5.6	469 (36.2%)	266 (20.5%)	560 (43.2%)
6: Lack of effect (5 items), 10.9 ± 2.6	726 (78.5%)	102 (11.0%)	97 (10.5%)
7: Side-effect (4 items), 8.9 ± 3.9	552 (74.6%)	41 (5.5%)	147 (19.9%)
8: Cost (3 items), 7.7 ± 3.1	354 (63.8%)	47 (8.5%)	154 (27.7%)

Notes: Full domain names: 1: Communication/relationships with health professionals, 2: Interference to day-to-day life, 3: Practical difficulties, 4: Autonomy/control, 5: Concerns about medicine use, 6: Lack of effectiveness, 7: Side-effect-burden 8: Cost-related burden. Higher scores indicating a greater burden.

Table 4 Multivariable Analysis of Factors Associated with Medication-Related Burden

Variable	β	t	p
Sex	5.95	2.55	0.011
Income	−4.78	−4.39	0.000
Polypharmacy	2.20	4.20	0.000