Rejuvenating The Concept Of Work Alienation Through Job Demands-Resources Model And Examining Its Relationship With Emotional Exhaustion And Explorative And Exploitative Learning

Figures & data

Table 1 Means And Correlations

Construct	Means	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1. Work alienation	3.59
2. Exhaustion	3.51	0.36**
3. Explorative learning	2.30	−0.38**	−0.35**
4. Exploitative learning	2.52	−0.23**	−0.27**	0.07
5. Age	40.01	−0.07	0.04	−0.03	−0.04
6. Gender	1.15	−0.02	0.04	−0.07	−0.04	−0.01
7. Education	1.63	0.06	0.02	0.01	−0.06	−0.07	0.01
8. Experience	8.68	−0.09	0.05	0.01	−0.10	0.83**	−0.04	−0.06

Notes: n = 225. ** P <0.01 level (2-tailed). Gender: 1 = male, 2 = female. Education: 1 = undergraduate degree, 2 = master’s degree.

Table 2 Reliability, Convergent Validity And Discriminant Validity

Construct	1	2	3	4	α	CR	AVE	MSV	ASV
1. WA	0.78				0.90	0.92	0.61	0.19	0.15
2. EE	0.43	0.75			0.80	0.84	0.56	0.18	0.16
3. EXR	−0.44	−0.43	0.77		0.87	0.88	0.59	0.19	0.13
4. ETT	−0.29	−0.33	0.11	0.71	0.84	0.84	0.51	0.11	0.07

Note: n = 225.

Abbreviations: WA, work alienation; EE, emotional exhaustion; EXR, explorative learning; ETT, exploitative learning; MSV, maximum variance shared; ASV, average variance shared; AVE, average variance extracted, Bolded values on the diagonals of columns 2 to 5 are the square root values of AVE; CR, composite reliability; α, Cronbach alpha.

Figure 1 Structural model (2) – mediation model: emotional exhaustion mediates the negative relationship between work alienation and learning.

Abbreviations: WA, work alienation; EE, emotional exhaustion; EXR, explorative learning; ETT, exploitative learning.

Table 3 Direct And Indirect Effects And 95% Confidence Intervals (model 2)

Parameter			Estimate	Lower Bounds	Upper Bounds
Standardized Direct Effects
EE	<—	WA	0.435*	0.274	0.577
ETT	<—	WA	−0.186	−0.353	0.013
EXR	<—	WA	−0.319*	−0.502	−0.127
ETT	<—	EE	−0.241*	−0.437	−0.040
EXR	<—	EE	−0.286*	−0.485	−0.091
Standardized indirect effects
ETT	<— EE	<—WA	−0.105*	−0.221	−0.024
EXR	<— EE	<—WA	−0.124*	−0.252	−0.039

Notes: *Empirical 95% confidence interval does not overlap with zero.

Abbreviations: WA, work alienation; EE, emotional exhaustion; EXR, explorative learning; ETT, Exploitative learning.