Effect of expert-patient teaching on empathy in nursing students: a randomized controlled trial

Figures & data

Figure 1 Study design and sample size.

Table 1 Baseline demographic characteristics for each group

	Experimental group (EG) (n=72)	Control group (CG) (n=72)	EG vs CG Statistical test p value
Gender, n (%)
Female	59 (88%)	59 (88%)	χ^2 = 0.00 p = NS*
Male	13 (12%)	13 (12%)
Age, mean ± SD
Years	20.9 ± 2.6	20.7 ± 2.6	t = 0.39 p = NS*

Abbreviations: EG, Experimental group; CG, Control group; *NS = Not Significant.

Figure 2 Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale mean scores in the experimental and control groups at T0 and T1.

Abbreviations: BEES EG, Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale Experimental group; BEES CG, Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale Control group; T0, Before training intervention; T1, After training intervention.

Table 2 BEES mean scores in the EG and CG, at T0 and T1

	Experimental group (EG) (n=72)	Control group (CG) (n=72)	EG vs CG Statistical test (unpaired t-test) p value
BEES, mean ± SD
Pre-training (T0)	31.03 ± 17.62	29.33 ± 15.64	t = 0.61 p = 0.54
Post-training (T1)	38.19 ± 16.98	31.0 ± 15.90	t = 2.47 p = 0.02
T0 vs T1 Statistical test (paired t-test) p value	t = 2.81 p = 0.006	t = 0.68 p = 0.50

Abbreviations: BEES, Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale; EG, Experimental group; CG, Control group; T0, Before training intervention; T1, After training intervention.

Figure 3 Jefferson Scale of Empathy — Health Profession Student mean scores in the experimental and control groups at T0 and T1.

Abbreviations: JSE-HPS EG, Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Health Professions Student Experimental group; JSE-HPS CG, Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Health Professions Student Control group; T0, Before training intervention; T1, After training intervention.

Table 3 JSE-HPS mean scores in the EG and CG, at T0 and T1

	Experimental group (EG) (n=72)	Control group (CG) (n=72)	EG vs CG Statistical test (unpaired t-test) p value
JSE-HPS, mean ± SD
Pre-training (T0)	115.92 ± 10.10	112.58 ± 11.51	t = 1.84 p = 0.06
Post-training (T1)	121.76 ± 9.95	114.17 ± 12.27	t = 4.08 p = 0.0001
T0 vs T1 Statistical test (paired t-test) p value	t = -3.50 p = 0.0006	t = -0.80 p = 0.43

Abbreviations: JSE-HPS, Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Health Professions Student; EG, Experimental group; CG, Control group; T0, Before training intervention; T1, After training intervention.

Table 4 Mean scores of JSE-HPS subscales in the EG and CG, at T0 and T1

	Experimental group (EG) (n=72)	Control group (CG) (n=72)	Statistical test (unpaired t-test) p value
Pre-training (T0) subscales of JSE-HPS, mean ± SD
Perspective taking	60.42 ± 6.55	58.31 ± 7.16	t = 1.84 p = 0.07
Compassionate care	46.71 ± 4.27	45.49 ± 4.60	t = 1.65 p = 0.10
Standing in the patient’s shoes	8.79 ± 2.32	8.79 ± 2.64	t = 0.00 p = 1
Post-training (T1) subscales of JSE-HPS, mean ± SD
Perspective taking	64.17 ± 5.40	59.79 ± 7.48	t = 4.02 p = 0.0001
Compassionate care	48.69 ± 4.78	45.33 ± 6.01	t = 3.71 p = 0.0003
Standing in the patient’s shoes	8.90 ± 2.50	9.04 ± 2.41	t = 0.33 p = 0.73

Abbreviations: JSE-HPS, Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Health Professions Student; EG, Experimental group; CG, Control group; T0, Before training intervention; T1, After training intervention.

Figure 4 Mean Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale scores in the experimental and control groups, divided by sex.

Abbreviations: T0, Before training intervention; T1, After training intervention.