Assessing the Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) Among Medical College Students

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics of Medical College Students

Characteristics	Number (%)
Age (year), Mean ± SD	22.5 ± 2.2
Gender*
Male	576 (25.9)
Female	1644 (74.1)
Birthplace
Urban	541 (24.3)
County	433 (19.5)
Rural	1249 (56.2)
Only child
Yes	798 (35.9)
No	1425 (64.1)
Major
Medicine	489 (22.0)
Pharmacy	581 (26.1)
Nursing	507 (22.8)
Health care management	646 (29.1)
Annual family income (Chinese Yuan, CNY)
<30,000 CNY	560 (25.2)
30,000–50,000 CNY	682 (30.7)
50,000–70,000 CNY	381 (17.1)
70,000–90,000 CNY	231 (10.4)
> 90,000 CNY	369 (16.6)
Monthly consumption level (Chinese Yuan, CNY)
< 800 CNY	449 (20.2)
800–1500 CNY	1412 (63.5)
1500–2500 CNY	308 (13.9)
> 2500 CNY	54 (2.4)

Note: *Missing value (n=3).

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Descriptive Statistics and Sensitivity of the TIPI-C (N=2223)

Five-Factor	Theoretical Range	Observed Range	Mean (SD)	Median	Ceiling Effect N (%)	Floor Effect N (%)
E	1–7	1–7	4.45 (1.60)	4.50	27 (1.2)	155 (7.0)
A	1–7	1–7	5.07 (1.06)	5.00	3 (0.1)	115 (5.2)
C	1–7	1–7	5.31 (1.19)	5.50	8 (0.4)	196 (8.8)
ES	1–7	1–7	4.55 (1.31)	4.50	13 (0.6)	68 (3.1)
O	1–7	1.5–7	4.74 (1.11)	4.50	9 (0.4)	77 (3.5)

Notes: Ceiling effect: 15% of respondents scored the highest scores 7. Floor effect: 15% of respondents scored the lowest scores 1.

Abbreviations: E, Extraversion; A, Agreeableness; C, Conscientiousness; ES, Emotional Stability; O, Openness. SD, standard deviation.

Table 3 Internal Consistency of the TIPI-C

Five-Factor	Spearman–Brown Coefficients	Standardized Cronbach’s α	TIPI-C Cronbach’s α	TIPI Original Version Cronbach’s α^a
E	0.786	0.786	0.785	0.680
A	0.129	0.129	0.119	0.400
C	0.514	0.514	0.513	0.500
ES	0.566	0.566	0.563	0.730
O	0.319	0.319	0.315	0.450

Notes: ^aReference [5] Gosling et al (2003).

Abbreviations: E, Extraversion; A, Agreeableness; C, Conscientiousness; ES, Emotional Stability; O, Openness.

Table 4 Spearman Correlation Between 10 Items and Five-Factor (N=2223)

	E	A	C	ES	O	1	6	2	7	3	8	4	9	5	10
E	1
A	−0.164**	1
C	0.082**	0.203**	1
ES	−0.035	0.273**	0.339**	1
O	0.271**	−0.085**	0.223**	0.101**	1
1 (E)	0.895**	−0.131**	0.139**	0.012	0.291**	1
6 (E-r)	−0.920**	0.176**	−0.017	0.069**	−0.211**	−0.656**	1
2 (A-r)	0.257**	−0.869**	−0.064**	−0.225**	0.191**	0.255**	−0.218**	1
7 (A)	0.105**	0.513**	0.302**	0.173**	0.161**	0.154**	−0.037	−0.077**	1
3 (C)	0.051*	0.146**	0.778**	0.253**	0.149**	0.120**	0.020	0.001	0.293**	1
8 (C-r)	−0.087**	−0.192**	−0.846**	−0.300**	−0.223**	−0.115**	0.049*	0.105**	−0.229**	−0.360**	1
4 (ES-r)	−0.084**	−0.202**	−0.260**	−0.862**	−0.132**	−0.082**	0.074**	0.202**	−0.092**	−0.146**	0.272**	1
9 (ES)	−0.168**	0.265**	0.320**	0.794**	0.030	−0.082**	0.215**	−0.184**	0.213**	0.294**	−0.240**	−0.398**	1
5 (O)	0.166**	−0.063**	0.161**	0.071**	0.712**	0.211**	−0.098**	0.169**	0.163**	0.168**	−0.115**	−0.036	0.086**	1
10 (O-r)	−0.253**	0.070**	−0.180**	−0.098**	−0.817**	−0.248**	0.224**	−0.124**	−0.098**	−0.080**	0.218**	0.174**	0.019	−0.217**	1

Notes: **p<0.01; *p<0.05. r-denotes reverse-scored items. Correlations between positively and negatively keyed TIPI items for the same dimension are shown in bold typeface, the item on Agreeableness and Openness lower than other traits are shown in bold italic type.

Abbreviations: E, Extraversion; A, Agreeableness; C, Conscientiousness; ES, Emotional Stability; O, Openness.

Table 5 Principal Component Analysis for the TIPI-C Three-Factor Model (N=889)

Item Content	Factor 1	Factor 2	Factor 3
1 (E)	0.821	0.092	−0.036
6 (E-r)	0.820	−0.126	−0.087
2 (A-r)	−0.406	−0.044	0.519
7 (A)	−0.054	0.715	0.038
3 (C)	0.035	0.692	0.202
8 (C-r)	0.199	0.488	0.425
4 (ES-r)	0.272	−0.005	0.809
9 (ES)	−0.195	0.351	0.626
5 (O)	0.273	0.532	−0.317
10 (O-r)	0.583	0.185	0.116
Factor initial eigenvalue	2.224	2.050	1.164
Covariance contribution rate after rotation (%)	22.235	20.504	11.642

Notes: Extraction method: principal component analysis, eigenvalues great than 1 to extract. Rotation method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. Factor loadings higher than 0.40 are shown in bold. Items with high loadings but against the original instrument setting are highlighted in bold italics. r-denotes reverse-scored items.

Abbreviations: E, Extraversion; A, Agreeableness; C, Conscientiousness; ES, Emotional Stability; O, Openness.

Table 6 TIPI-C Scores Among Different Participants’ Sociodemographic Characteristics (Mean ± SD)

	Extraversion	Agreeableness	Conscientiousness	Emotional Stability	Openness
Whole sample	4.45 ± 1.60	5.07 ± 1.06	5.31 ± 1.19	4.55 ± 1.31	4.74 ± 1.11
Sex
Male	4.35 ± 1.60	4.88 ± 1.11	5.33 ± 1.24	4.73 ± 1.30	4.84 ± 1.17
Female	4.48 ± 1.60	5.15 ± 1.03	5.31 ± 1.18	4.48 ± 1.32	4.71 ± 1.09
P value	0.217^b	<0.001^a	0.735^b	<0.001^a	0.068^a
Birthplace
Urban	4.59 ± 1.63	4.89 ± 1.06	5.17 ± 1.24	4.42 ± 1.32	4.85 ± 1.12
County	4.60 ± 1.53	5.00 ± 1.09	5.23 ± 1.20	4.55 ± 1.28	4.80 ± 1.04
Rural	4.34 ± 1.60	5.18 ± 1.03	5.40 ± 1.16	4.60 ± 1.32	4.70 ± 1.13
P value	0.001^b	<0.001^a	<0.001^b	0.036^a	0.035^a
Only child
Yes	4.50 ± 1.60	4.95 ± 1.11	5.22 ± 1.22	4.55 ± 1.33	4.80 ± 1.13
No	4.42 ± 1.60	5.15 ± 1.02	5.37 ± 1.18	4.54 ± 1.31	4.72 ± 1.10
P value	0.295^b	<0.001^a	0.006^b	0.913^a	0.099^a
Major
Medicine	4.41 ± 1.60	5.04 ± 1.06	5.31 ± 1.27	4.59 ± 1.40	4.78 ± 1.15
Pharmacy	4.37 ± 1.56	4.97 ± 1.07	5.23 ± 1.23	4.50 ± 1.30	4.84 ± 1.10
Nursing	4.63 ± 1.58	5.21 ± 1.03	5.50 ± 1.14	4.57 ± 1.29	4.76 ± 1.07
Health care management	4.41 ± 1.64	5.09 ± 1.06	5.24 ± 1.13	4.53 ± 1.28	4.62 ± 1.12
P value	0.035^b	0.002^a	<0.001^b	0.670^a	0.004^a
Annual family income (Chinese Yuan, CNY)
< 30,000 CNY	4.32 ± 1.58	5.18 ± 1.09	5.37 ± 1.22	4.63 ± 1.38	4.67 ± 1.12
30,000–50,000 CNY	4.31 ± 1.63	5.10 ± 1.01	5.30 ±1.17	4.57 ± 1.27	4.68 ± 1.06
50,000–70,000 CNY	4.49 ± 1.55	5.09 ± 1.10	5.38 ± 1.16	4.55 ±1.29	4.78 ± 1.16
70,000–90,000 CNY	4.69 ± 1.48	5.07 ± 0.99	5.22 ± 1.21	4.47 ± 1.30	4.78 ± 1.04
> 90,000 CNY	4.45 ± 1.60	5.07 ± 1.06	5.31 ± 1.19	4.55 ± 1.31	4.74 ± 1.11
P value	<0.001^b	<0.001^a	0.169^b	0.114^a	0.007^a
Monthly consumption level (Chinese Yuan, CNY)
< 800 CNY	4.25 ± 1.60	5.22 ± 1.08	5.60 ± 1.08	4.68 ± 1.27	4.64 ± 1.11
800–1500 CNY	4.40 ± 1.58	5.08 ± 1.02	5.27 ± 1.21	4.54 ± 1.30	4.71 ± 1.09
1500–2500 CNY	4.91 ± 1.60	4.87 ± 1.13	5.22 ± 1.23	4.39 ± 1.39	4.94 ± 1.10
> 2500 CNY	4.79 ± 1.80	4.79 ± 1.23	5.06 ± 1.23	4.57 ± 1.46	5.37 ± 1.30
P value	<0.001^b	<0.001^a	<0.001^b	0.033^a	<0.001^a

Notes: ^aOne-way ANOVA; ^bKruskal–Wallis H. Bold values indicate the p<0.05.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.