The Difference in Learning Activities of Postgraduate Students of Different Qualification Types Under the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multi-Group Latent Class Analysis

Figures & data

Table 1 The Goodness of Fit Indices of Single-Group Exploratory LCA

Model	χ^2	G^2	AIC	BIC	aBIC	Entropy	df
M1: T=1	51071.20(<0.001)	9172.63(<0.001)	30935.11	30982.66	30957.24	–	247
M2: T=2	5986.79(<0.001)	2730.28(<0.001)	24510.76	24611.81	24557.79	0.86	238
M3: T=3	2341.73(<0.001)	1416.26(<0.001)	23214.74	23369.28	23286.67	0.88	229
M4: T=4	653.36(<0.001)	598.21(<0.001)	22414.69	22622.73	22511.52	0.86	220
M5: T=5	483.63(<0.001)	474.57(<0.001)	22309.05	22570.58	22430.78	0.82	211
M6: T=6	362.70(<0.001)	358.31(<0.001)	22210.79	22525.81	22357.42	0.83	202

Figure 1 Conditional probability distribution diagram of single-group LCA.

Table 2 Conditional Probability and Parameter Estimation of Unconstrained Multi-Group LCA

Variable	Academic Postgraduate Students (42.16%)				Application-Oriented Postgraduate Students (57.84%)
	t=1	t=2	t=3	t=4	t=1	t=2	t=3	t=4
1. Impact on course arrangement	0.29	0.06	0.97	0.86	0.35	0.12	0.98	0.92
2. Impact on assessment arrangement	0.17	0.05	0.92	0.75	0.22	0.07	0.95	0.84
3. Impact on professional course learning	0.27	0.07	0.99	0.83	0.30	0.07	0.98	0.90
4. Impact on data collection	0.57	0.20	0.82	0.53	0.48	0.20	0.82	0.50
5. Impact on academic writing	0.67	0.18	0.93	0.65	0.55	0.19	0.92	0.56
6. Impact on academic exchanges with tutor	0.75	0.05	0.96	0.31	0.69	0.04	0.94	0.21
7. Impact on academic exchanges with classmates	0.81	0.02	0.98	0.09	0.77	0.00	0.99	0.06
8. Impact on general communication with classmates	0.58	0.06	0.82	0.10	0.58	0.03	0.86	0.09
Latent class probability	0.06	0.13	0.14	0.09	0.09	0.21	0.17	0.12
Conditional latent class probability	0.15	0.31	0.33	0.21	0.15	0.36	0.29	0.20
Total latent class probability	0.15	0.30	0.34	0.20

Note: t=1: social activities were more affected; t=2: the overall more affected; t=3: the overall less affected; t=4: course activities were more affected.

Figure 2 Conditional probability distribution diagram of unconstrained multi-group LCA.

Table 3 Analysis of Differences in the Mental Status of Postgraduate Students in Various Classes

Class	Anxiety		Depression
	Academic postgraduate students	Application-oriented postgraduate students	Academic postgraduate students	Application-oriented postgraduate students
Social activities were more affected (c1)	43.68(10.45)	42.74(8.89)	47.97(11.72)	47.82(10.41)
The overall less affected (c2)	41.08(9.8)	40.74(9.04)	45.61(10.71)	45.77(10.32)
The overall more affected (c3)	44.72(10.35)	44.05(9.82)	50.41(11.16)	49.28(11.16)
Course activities were more affected (c4)	42.16(9.49)	41.56(8.81)	47.11(10.36)	46.64(10.56)
F	9.349	12.272	12.963	10.270
p	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Post hoc comparison	c3>c4=c2, c1>c2	c3>c4=c2, c1>c2	c3>c1>c2, c3>c4	c3>c4=c2, c1>c2