Validation of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10 in South Africa: Item Response Theory and Classical Test Theory

Figures & data

Table 1 Descriptive Statistics, Reliabilities and Intercorrelations Between Study Variables

	1	2	3	4	5
1. Resilience	—
2. Sense of coherence	0.45***	—
3. Depression	−0.48***	−0.66***	—
4. Hopelessness	−0.48***	−0.57***	0.61***	—
5. Anxiety	−0.53***	−0.65***	0.74***	0.62***	—
Mean	26.9	55.9	22.0	5.7	44.9
SD	8.0	11.6	12.2	4.9	10.3
Alpha	0.95	0.81	0.92	0.89	0.91

Note: ***p < 0.001.

Table 2 Inter-Item Correlations for the CD-RISC-10

Item	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
1. Adapt	—
2. Deal with whatever	0.73	—
3. Humorous side	0.57	0.68	—
4. Coping makes stronger	0.59	0.67	0.65	—
5. Bounce back	0.56	0.64	0.63	0.65	—
6. Achieve goals despite obstacles	0.64	0.71	0.63	0.66	0.76	—
7. Stay focused	0.57	0.68	0.60	0.64	0.69	0.76	—
8. Not discouraged by failure	0.55	0.62	0.58	0.58	0.60	0.65	0.66	—
9. Self as strong person	0.65	0.72	0.61	0.65	0.68	0.73	0.70	0.69	—
10. Handle unpleasant feelings	0.58	0.63	0.55	0.66	0.62	0.66	0.64	0.65	0.78	—

Table 3 Classical Test Theory, Rasch, and Mokken Indices for the CD-RISC-10 at the Item Level

Indices	Items
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Mean	2.8	2.7	2.6	2.6	2.8	2.9	2.7	2.5	2.8	2.6
SD	0.9	0.9	1.0	1.0	0.9	0.9	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Factor loadings	0.78	0.86	0.78	0.82	0.83	0.88	0.84	0.79	0.88	0.82
Item-total correlations	0.72	0.82	0.73	0.77	0.78	0.84	0.80	0.75	0.84	0.77
Infit MnSq (Rasch)	1.1	0.7	1.3	1.1	1.0	0.8	0.9	1.2	0.8	1.1
Outfit MnSq (Rasch)	1.1	0.7	1.3	1.1	1.0	0.7	0.9	1.2	0.8	1.1
Hi (Mokken)^a	0.65	0.72	0.65	0.68	0.70	0.75	0.70	0.67	0.75	0.68
SE of H (Mokken)	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02	0.03
Crit value: monotonicity	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Crit value: IIO	61	0	0	0	61	13	0	0	67	0
DIF across gender	−0.23	0.00	0.19	0.29	−0.02	−0.22	0.07	−0.04	−0.05	0.00

Note: ^aScalability coefficient of individual items.

Figure 1 One-dimensional model of the CD-RISC-10.

Notes: All regression weights are standardized. The rectangles are measured variables, whereas the ellipse is a latent construct. All paths are significant p < 0.001.

Table 4 Fit Indices for One-Factor Model of the CD-RISC-10

Index	Best Fit Indicator	One-Factor Model
Goodness-of-fit
χ^2 (df)		127.31 (66)
p-value	Nonsignificant	p < 0.001
GFI	>0.95	0.95
TLI	>0.90	0.98
CFI	>0.90	0.98
RMSEA	<0.08	0.05

Abbreviations: χ², chi-square statistic; GFI, goodness-of-fit index; TLI, Tucker–Lewis index; CFI, comparative fit index; RMSEA, root-mean-square error of approximation.

Table 5 Classical Test Theory, Rasch, and Mokken Indices for the CD-RISC-10 at the Scale Level

Index	Value	Suggested Cutoff
Cronbach’s α	0.948	>0.7
Composite reliability	0.956	>0.7
Average variance extracted	0.684	>0.5
Standard error of measurement	1.79	Small values
Item separation reliability (Rasch)	0.93	>0.8
Item separation index (Rasch)	3.75	>3
Person separation reliability (Rasch)	0.91	>0.8
Person separation index (Rasch)	3.25	>2
Unexplained variance in the first contrast (Rasch)	1.73^a	<2
Scale H (Mokken)	0.70	>0.50
Mokken scale reliability (MSRho)	0.951	>0.70

Note: ^aEigenvalue.