National Institutes of Health Toolbox Emotion Battery for English- and Spanish-speaking adults: normative data and factor-based summary scores

Figures & data

Table 1 Sample characteristics of total adult sample and subsample with additional sociodemographic data (mean, SD, %)

Sample characteristics	English, n=1,036	Spanish, n=408	P-value
Age	49.11 (18.57)	44.10 (16.72)	<0.0001
Education (years)	14.04 (2.59)	10.74 (4.35)	<0.0001
Gender (% female)	63.22	64.95	0.5382
Household income <$40k (%)	12.36	44.36	<0.0001
	n=128	n=107
Marital status (% married)	61.72	67.29	0.3742
Social interaction	10.97 (6.44)	8.67 (4.63)	0.0023
Number of children	1.93 (1.42)	2.43 (1.64)	0.0126

Notes: Household income is equivalent to total annual household income. Social interaction is defined by the number of people interacts within a 2-week time frame and includes friends, family, members from church, and coworkers. Total N=1,444.

Table 2 NIH Emotion Battery scales and original theoretically identified subdomains

Stress and self-efficacy	Psychological well-being	Negative affect	Social relationships
Perceived stress	Positive affect	Anger physical aggression	Emotional support
Self-efficacy	Life satisfaction	Anger hostility	Instrumental support
	Meaning and purpose	Fear somatic arousal	Friendship
		Sadness	Loneliness
		Apathy	Perceived hostility
		Fear affect	Perceived rejection

Notes: Life satisfaction is also called general life satisfaction. Used with permission ©2006–2017 National Institutes of Health and Northwestern University.³⁵

Abbreviation: NIH, National Institutes of Health.

Table 3 Summary descriptions of the NIHTB-EB composites and component scales

Scale/composite	Emotions assessed	Potentially problematic
Psychological well-being (three scales)	Overall positive emotions, feeling content with respect to self and life	T<40
Positive affect	Feelings of contentment, happiness, enthusiasm, joy, and excitement	T<40
General life satisfaction	Feelings of satisfaction with one’s self and other aspects of life	T<40
Meaning and purpose	The extent to which individuals feel that their lives are meaningful and/or make sense	T<40
Negative affect (five scales)	Overall negative emotions ranging from anger, fear, depression, and stress	T>60
Anger – affect	Feelings of cynicism and frustration	T>60
Anger – hostility	Feelings of antagonism or animosity	T>60
Fear – affect	Anxiety over perceptions of threat	T>60
Sadness	Feelings of depression	T>60
Perceived stress	A person’s view of life challenges in relation to their values and coping resources	T>60
Social satisfaction (five scales)	Social support and perceptions of social relationships	T<40
Perceived rejection	Perceptions of being ignored or others not listening or responding to requests for help	T>60a
Friendship	Perceptions about the availability of companions or friends with whom to affiliate	T<40
Loneliness	Feelings of being alone or socially isolated from other individuals	T>60a
Emotional support	The perception that others are available to listen to one’s concerns with understanding and caring	T<40
Instrumental support	The perception that people are available to provide information or advice needed to overcome problems	T<40
Supplemental scales
Anger – physical aggression	Aggressive behaviors	T>60
Fear – somatic arousal	Anxiety with autonomic arousal	T>60
Perceived hostility	Perceptions of being criticized or berated	T>60
Self-efficacy	Feelings of adequate control over one’s life, and confidence in being able to manage one’s own functioning and outcomes	T<40

Notes:

a Reverse coded for summary score computation. T=T score. Used with permission ©2006-2017 National Institutes of Health and Northwestern University.³⁵

Abbreviation: NIHTB-EB, National Institutes of Health Toolbox Emotion Battery.

Table 4 Oblique rotated factor loadings of exploratory factor analysis from split sample

Emotion Battery Scales	English (N=636)			Spanish (N=208)
	Factor 1	Factor 2	Factor 3	Factor 1	Factor 2	Factor 3
Fear affect	0.81	0	0	0.88	0.04	−0.01
Anger affect	0.81	0.05	−0.04	0.81	0.05	−0.08
Sadness	0.70	−0.06	−0.13	0.79	−0.15	−0.01
Perceived stress	0.72	0.03	−0.24	0.60	−0.03	−0.26
Anger hostility	0.47	−0.03	−0.26	0.55	−0.05	−0.25
Fear somatic arousal	0.46	−0.07	0.02	0.64	0.07	0.01
Anger physical aggression	0.41	−0.05	0.04	0.43	−0.12	−0.16
Perceived hostility	0.33	−0.49	0.16	−0.42	−0.40	−0.03
Loneliness	0.24	−0.57	0.10	−0.29	−0.61	0.03
Perceived rejection	0.25	−0.72	0.16	−0.24	−0.79	−0.13
Friendship	0.12	0.66	0.21	0.12	0.57	0.20
Emotional support	0.15	0.81	0.13	0.16	0.72	0.27
Instrumental support	0.01	0.61	0.03	0.07	0.63	0.16
Meaning	−0.03	0.07	0.77	0.01	0.07	0.85
Life satisfaction	−0.16	0.07	0.66	−0.09	−0.05	0.83
Positive affect	−0.33	0.16	0.51	−0.22	0.21	0.57
Self-efficacy	−0.29	0.13	0.57	−0.13	0.20	0.32

Note: Factor loadings in bold designate the factor in which the individual scales are components.

Table 5 CFA model fit indices from split samples

CFA model	χ^2 (df)	CFI	RMSEA	SRMR
English (N=400)
1-Factor model	716.30 (90)	0.79	0.132	0.082
2-Factor model	432.25 (89)	0.89	0.099	0.067
3-Factor model	355.93 (87)	0.91	0.088	0.064
4-Factor model	337.54 (85)	0.91	0.087	0.063
Revised 3-factor model	295.97 (62)	0.92	0.090	0.060
Spanish (N=200)
1-Factor model	451.46 (90)	0.73	0.144	0.096
2-Factor model	275.26 (89)	0.86	0.104	0.076
3-Factor model	221.72 (87)	0.90	0.089	0.069
4-Factor model	211.48 (85)	0.91	0.088	0.067
Revised 3-factor model	167.84 (62)	0.92	0.086	0.065

Notes: χ², model unscaled chi-square statistic; df, model degrees of freedom.

Abbreviations: CFA, confirmatory factor analysis; CFI, comparative fit index; RMSEA, root mean square of approximation; SRMR, standardized root mean square residual.

Table 6 CFA model factor loadings for split sample

Scale	Standardized loadings
	English	Spanish
Negative affect
Anger affect	0.797	0.684
Anger hostility	0.646	0.535
Sadness	0.853	0.854
Fear affect	0.838	0.894
Perceived stress	0.802	0.782
Social satisfaction
Friendship	0.691	0.637
Loneliness	−0.783	−0.776
Emotional support	0.785	0.736
Instrumental support	0.552	0.629
Perceived rejection	−0.658	−0.756
Psychological well-being
Life satisfaction	0.716	0.785
Meaning	0.740	0.753
Positive affect	0.858	0.898

Abbreviation: CFA, confirmatory factor analysis.

Table 7 CFA model latent variable correlations from split sample

Language group factors	Negative affect	Social satisfaction	Psychological well-being
English
Negative affect
Social satisfaction	−0.708
Psychological well-being	−0.733	0.865
Spanish
Negative affect
Social satisfaction	−0.698
Psychological well-being	−0.577	0.762

Abbreviation: CFA, confirmatory factor analysis.

Table S1 Emotion Battery scales in factor solutions examined for best model fit

1-Factor model	2-Factor model	3-Factor model	4-Factor model	Revised 3-factor model
Anger affect	Negative affect	Negative affect	Negative affect	Negative affect
Anger hostility	Anger affect	Anger affect	Anger affect	Anger affect
Anger physical aggression	Anger hostility	Anger hostility	Anger hostility	Anger hostility
Sadness	Anger physical aggression	Anger physical aggression	Anger physical aggression	Sadness
Fear affect	Sadness	Sadness	Sadness	Fear affect
Fear somatic arousal	Fear affect	Fear affect	Fear affect	Perceived stress
Life satisfaction	Fear somatic arousal	Fear somatic arousal	Fear somatic arousal	Social satisfaction
Meaning	Loneliness	Perceived stress	Social relationships	Friendship
Positive affect	Perceived hostility	Social satisfaction	Friendship	Loneliness
Friendship	Perceived stress	Friendship	Loneliness	Emotional support
Loneliness	Perceived rejection	Loneliness	Emotional support	Instrumental support
Emotional support	Positive affect	Emotional support	Instrumental support	Perceived rejection
Perceived hostility	Friendship	Instrumental support	Perceived rejection	Psychological well-being
Instrumental support	Emotional support	Perceived rejection	Perceived hostility	Life satisfaction
Perceived stress	Instrumental support	Perceived hostility	Stress and self-efficacy	Meaning
Perceived rejection	Meaning	Psychological well-being	Perceived stress	Positive affect
Self-efficacy	Life satisfaction	Life satisfaction	Self-efficacy
	Self-efficacy	Meaning	Psychological well-being
	Positive affect	Positive affect	Life satisfaction
		Self-efficacy	Meaning
			Positive affect

Note: Factor names are shown in italics; scales that went into the factors are shown in non-italics.

Table S2 Summary score formulas

Summary scores by language group		Mean	SD
English
Negative affect	(([((a×0.774)+(b×0.644)+(c×0.842)+(d×0.827)+(e×0.835))/5]−(−0.02))/0.58)×10+50	−0.02	0.58
Social satisfaction	(([((i×0.709)+((j×−1) ×0.804)+(k score ×0.760)+(l×0.586)+((m×−1)×0.703))/5]−(0.03))/0.53)×10+50	0.03	0.53
Psychological well-being	(([((f×0.752)+(g×0.729)+(h×0.879))/3]−(0.07))/0.67)×10+50	0.07	0.67
Spanish
Negative affect	(([((a×0.749)+(b×0.602)+(c×0.860)+(d×0.879)+(e×0.750))/5]−(−0.01))/0.64)×10+50	−0.01	0.64
Social satisfaction	(([((i×0.620)+((j×–1)×0.753)+(k×0.761)+(l×0.670)+((m×–1)×0.757))/5]–(–0.08))/0.64)×10+50	–0.08	0.64
Psychological well-being	(([((f×0.783)+(g×0.794)+(h×0.864))/3]−(−0.05))/0.72)×10+50	−0.05	0.72

Notes: Alphabet characters indicate scales designated in Tables S3 and S4. a, anger affect; b, anger hostility; c, sadness; d, fear affect; e, perceived stress; f, life satisfaction; g, meaning; h, positive affect; i, friendship; j, loneliness; k, emotional support; l, instrumental support; m, perceived rejection.

Table S3 English-speaking raw scores conversion to standard scores

Scale	Formula
Anger affect	[(X−(−0.10))/0.88]×10+50
Anger hostility	[(X−(−0.06))/0.93]×10+50
Sadness	[(X−(−0.04))/0.79]×10+50
Fear affect	[(X−(0.16))/0.80]×10+50
Perceived stress	[(X−(−0.06))/0.99]×10+50
Life satisfaction	[(X−(0.07))/0.92]×10+50
Meaning	[(X−(0.11))/0.99]×10+50
Positive affect	[(X−(0.05))/1.00]×10+50
Friendship	[(X−(0.01))/0.96]×10+50
Loneliness	[(X−(−0.03))/0.94]×10+50
Emotional support	[(X−(0.07))/0.95]×10+50
Instrumental support	[(X−(0.05))/0.97]×10+50
Perceived rejection	[(X−(−0.04))/0.95]×10+50
Self-efficacy	[(X−(0.05))/0.98]×10+50
Anger-physical aggression	[(X−(0.04))/0.89]×10+50
Fear somatic arousal	[(X−(0.04))/0.85]×10+50
Perceived hostility	[(X−(−0.04))/0.96]×10+50

Table S4 Spanish-speaking raw scores conversion to standard scores

Scale	Formula
Anger affect	[(X−(−0.38))/1.16]×10+50
Anger hostility	[(X−(−0.02))/1.12]×10+50
Sadness	[(X−(0.10))/1.17]×10+50
Fear affect	[(X−(−0.08))/1.16]×10+50
Perceived stress	[(X−(0.11))/0.93]×10+50
Life satisfaction	[(X−(0.08))/0.99]×10+50
Meaning	[(X−(0.00))/0.98]×10+50
Positive affect	[(X−(−0.15))/0.92]×10+50
Friendship	[(X−(−0.31))/1.11]×10+50
Loneliness	[(X−(−0.01))/1.15]×10+50
Emotional support	[(X−(−0.21))/1.19]×10+50
Instrumental support	[(X−(−0.09))/1.09]×10+50
Perceived rejection	[(X−(−0.05))/1.15]×10+50
Supplemental scales
Self-efficacy	[(X−(−0.25))/1.12]×10+50
Anger-physical aggression	[(X−(−0.07))/0.94]×10+50
Fear somatic arousal	[(X−(−0.20))/1.02]×10+50
Perceived hostility	[(X−(−0.37))/1.02]×10+50

Health Measures Available from: http://www.healthmeasures.net/explore-measurement-systems/nih-toolbox/obtain-and-administer-measuresAccessed February 19, 2018

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