Human Toxocariasis: 2010 to 2020 Contributions from Brazilian Researchers

Figures & data

Table 1 Soil Contamination by Toxocara Eggs in Public Places in Brazilian Locations, from 2010 to 2020

Authors	Local	n	Method	Positivity (%)
Manini et al (2012)^Citation18	Maringá (Paraná State)	15	Water-sedmentation	100*
Santarém et al (2012)^Citation19	Presidente Prudente (São Paulo State)	25	Centrifuge-flotation	96.0
Marques et al (2012)^Citation20	Guarulhos (São Paulo State)	47	Spontaneous-flotation	74.5
Ribeiro et al (2013)^Citation21	Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais State)	42	Spontaneous-flotation	42.4
Sprenger et al (2014)^Citation22	Curitiba (Paraná State)	69	Centrifuge-flotation	9.6
Capella et al (2018)^Citation23	Pelotas (Rio Grande do Sul State)	100	Spontaneous-flotation	3.0
Mello et al (2019)^Citation24	Pelotas (Rio Grande do Sul State)	79	Spontaneoussedimentation	11.9
Leon et al (2020)^Citation25	Laguna dos Patos (Rio Grande do Sul State)	6	Centrifuge-flotation	8.3

Note: (*) 100% of public squares, 18.9% of peridomicile, 23.1% in schools.

Table 2 Percentage of Human Seropositivity by Toxocara in Adults in Some Brazilian Regions

Authors, Year	Location	N	Frequency (%)
Colli et al (2010)^Citation27	Maringá (Paraná State)	376	51.6
Dattoli et al (2011)^Citation28	Salvador (Bahia State)	306	46.3*
Souza et al (2011)^Citation29	Salvador (Bahia State)	338	52.0
Prestes-Carneiro et al (2013)^Citation30	Pontal do Paranapanema (São Paulo State)	194	14.4
Negri et al (2013)^Citation31	Presidente Prudente (São Paulo State)	253	8.7
Santos et al (2015)^Citation32	Rio Grande (Rio Grande do Sul State)	280	6.4+
Pereira et al (2016)^Citation33	Brasília (DF)	311	7.4+
Araújo et al (2018)^Citation34	Rural population of Rio Grande do Sul State	344	71.8

Note: (*) Blood donors (+) pregnant women.

Table 3 Percentage of Human Seropositivity by Toxocara in Children in Some Brazilian Regions, Tested by ELISA

Authors, Year	Local	N	Frequency (%)
Correa and Bismarck (2010)^Citation35	Campinas (São Paulo State)	100	28.0
Santarém et al (2011)^Citation36	Presidente Prudente (São Paulo State)	252	11.1
Fragoso et al (2011)^Citation37	Vitória (Espírito Santo State)	391	51.6
Marchioro et al (2011)^Citation38	Maringá (Paraná State)	1199	32.2
Mattia et al (2012)^Citation39	Maringá (Paraná State)	353	36.8
Manini et al (2012)^Citation18	Maringá (Paraná State)	90	17.8
Mendonça et al (2013)^Citation40	Salvador (Bahia State)	1309	48.4
Guilherme et al (2013)^Citation41	Maringá (Paraná State)	167	4.2
Schoenardie et al (2013)^Citation42	Rio Grande (Rio Grande do Sul State)	427	50.6
Oliart-Guzmán et al (2014)^Citation43	Assis Brasil (Acre State)	421	12.3
Cassenote et al (2014)^Citation44	Rio Preto (São Paulo State)	252	15.5
Marchioro et al (2015)^Citation45	Maringá (Paraná State)	544	25.0
Silva et al (2017)^Citation46	São Francisco do Conde (Bahia State)	791	63.6
Araújo et al (2020)^Citation47	Rio Grande (Rio Grande do Sul State)	41	43.9

Figure 1 Geographical distribution in Brazil of anti-Toxocara antibodies in adults examined by ELISA from 2010 to 2020.

Figure 2 Geographical distribution in Brazil of anti-Toxocara antibodies in children examined by ELISA from 2010 to 2020.

Manini MP, Marchioro AA, Colli CM, Nishi L, Falavigna-Guilherme AL. Association between contamination of public squares and seropositivity for Toxocara spp. in children. Vet Parasitol. 2012;188:48–52. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.201203.011

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Santarém VA, Pereira VC, Alegre BC. Contamination of public parks in Presidente Prudente (São Paulo, Brazil) by Toxocara spp. eggs. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2012;3:323–325. doi:10.1590/S1984-29612012000300029

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Marques JP, Guimarães CR, Boas AV, Carnaúba PU, Moraes J. Contamination of public parks and squares from Guarulhos (São Paulo State, Brazil) by Toxocara spp. and Ancylostoma spp. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2012;54:267–271. doi:10.1590/S0036-466.520120005500006

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ribeiro LM, Dracz RM, Mozzer LR, Lima WDS. Soil contamination in public squares in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, by canine parasites in different developmental stages. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2013;55:229–231. doi:10.1590/S0036-46652013000400002

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Sprenger LK, Green KT, Molento MB. Geohelminth contamination of public areas and epidemiological risk factors in Curitiba, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2014;23:69–73. doi:10.1590/S1984-29612014009

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Capella GDA, Pinto NB, Perera SC, et al. Environmental contamination by parasitic forms in a socially vulnerable community in southern Rio Grande do Sul state: a serious public health problem. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci. 2018;55:1–8e132007. doi:10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2018.132007

 Google Scholar

Mello CCS, Nizoli LQ, Ferraz A, Chagas BC, Azario WJD, Villela MM. Helminth eggs with zoonotic potential in the vicinity of public schools in southern Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2020;29(1):e016419. doi:10.1590/S1984-29612019102

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Leon IF, Strothmann AL, Islabão CL, Jeske S, Villela MM. Geohelminths in the soil of the Laguna dos Patos in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Braz J Biol. 2020;80:839–843. doi:10.1590/15196984.222590

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Colli CM, Rubinsky-Elefant G, Paludo ML, et al. Serological, clinical and epidemiological evaluation of toxocariasis in urban areas of south Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2010;52:69–74. doi:10.1590/S0036-46652010000200002

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Dattoli VC, Freire SM, Mendonça LR, Santos PC, Meyer R, Alcantara-Neves NM. Toxocara canis infection is associated with eosinophilia and total IgE in blood donors from a large Brazilian centre. Trop Med Int Health. 2011;16:514–517. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02719.x

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Souza RF, Dattoli VC, Mendonça LR, et al. [Prevalence and risk factors of human infection by Toxocara canis in Salvador, State of Bahia, Brazil]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2011;44::516–519. doi:10.1590/S0037-86822011000400024

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Prestes-Carneiro LE, Rubinsky-Elefant G, Ferreira AW, et al. Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis, toxocariasis and cysticercosis in a rural settlement, São Paulo State, Brazil. Pathog Glob Health. 2013;107:88–95. doi:10.1179/2047773213Y.0000000079

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Negri EC, Santarém VA, Rubinsky-Elefant G, Giuffrida R. AntiToxocara spp. antibodies in an adult healthy population: serosurvey and risk factors in Southeast Brazil. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013;3:211–216. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60052-0

 Google Scholar

Santos PC, Lehmann LM, Lorenzi C, et al. The seropositivity of Toxocara spp. antibodies in pregnant women attended at the university hospital in southern Brazil and the factors associated with infection. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0131058. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131058

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Pereira LC, Elefant GR, Nóbrega YM, et al. Toxocara spp. seroprevalence in pregnant women in Brasília, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2016;49:641–643. doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0106-2016

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Araújo AC, Villela MM, Sena-Lopes A, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara canis in a human rural population of Southern Rio Grande do Sul. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2018;60:e28. doi:10.1590/s1678-9946201860028

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Correa CR, Bismarck CM. Toxocariasis: incidence, prevalence and the time serum remains positive in school children from Campinas, SP, Brazil. J Trop Pediatr. 2010;56:215–216. doi:10.1093/tropej/fmp095

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Santarém VA, Leli FN, Rubinsky-Elefant G, Giuffrida R. Protective and risk factors for toxocariasis in children from two different social classes of Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2011;53:67–72. doi:10.1590/s0036-46652011000200002

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Fragoso RP, Monteiro MB, Lemos EM, Pereira FE. Anti-Toxocara antibodies detected in children attending elementary school in Vitoria, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil: prevalence and associated factors. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2011;44:461–466. doi:10.1590/s003786822011000400012

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Marchioro AA, Colli CM, Mattia S, et al. Avaliação eosinofílica e soropositividade para anticorpos IgG anti-Toxocara em crianças atendidas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde [Eosinophilic count and seropositivity for IgG antibodies to Toxocara  spp. in chidren assisted at the public health service. 52 - Clinical and ultrasound liver impairment in children with toxocariasis]. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2011;29:80–84. doi:10.1590/S0103-05822011000100013

 Google Scholar

Mattia S, Colli CM, Adami CM, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxocara infection in children and environmental contamination of urban areas in Paraná State, Brazil. J Helminthol. 2012;86:440–445. doi:10.1017/S0022149X11000666

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Mendonça LR, Figueiredo CA, Esquivel R, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxocara infection in children from an urban large setting in Northeast Brazil. Acta Trop. 2013;128:90–95. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.06.018

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Guilherme EV, Marchioro AA, Araujo SM, et al. Toxocariasis in children attending a public health service pneumology unit in Paraná State, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2013;55:189–192. doi:10.1590/s0036-46652013000300009

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Schoenardie ER, Scaini CJ, Brod CS, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxocara infection in children from southern Brazil. J Parasitol. 2013;99:537–539. doi:10.1645/ge-3182

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Oliart-Guzmán H, Delfino BM, Martins AC, et al. Epidemiology and control of child toxocariasis in the western Brazilian Amazon - a population-based study. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;90:670–681. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.13-0506

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Cassenote AJ, Lima AR, Pinto Neto JM, Rubinsky-Elefant G. Seroprevalence and modifiable risk factors for Toxocara spp. in Brazilian school children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8:e2830. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002830

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Marchioro AA, Colli CM, Ferreira EC, Viol BM, Araújo SM, Falavigna-Guilherme AL. Risk factors associated with toxoplasmosis and toxocariasis in populations of children from nine cities in southern Brazil. J Helminthol. 2015;89:428–432. doi:10.1017/s0022149x14000212

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Silva MB, Amor ALM, Santos LN, et al. Risk factors for Toxocara spp. seroprevalence and its association with atopy and asthma phenotypes in school-age children in a small town and semi-rural areas of Northeast Brazil. Acta Trop. 2017;174:158–164. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.04.005

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Araújo GMS, Walcher DL, Previtali IF, et al. Frequency of enteroparasitic infections and serum positivity for Toxocara spp. in children from a public day care center in southern Brazil. Braz J Biol. 2020;80:305–310. doi:10.1590/1519-6984.200952

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar