Long-Term Complications of Hypospadias Repair: A Ten-Year Experience from Northern Zone of Tanzania

Figures & data

Table 1 Distribution of Characteristics from the Study Population

Variables	n(%)
Age (mean (sd))	4.74(2.99)
Age at time of operation
Less than 2 years	71(28.17)
More than 2 years	181(71.83)
Surgeon experience
<5 cases operated	126(50)
>5 cases operated	126(50)
Suture size
3	4(1.59)
4	163(64.68)
5	49(19.44)
6	36(14.29)
Type of suture material
Monocryl	21(8.33)
Pds	14(5.56)
Vicryl	217(86.11)
Suture technique
Continuous	5(1.98)
Interrupted	5(1.98)
Subcuticular	242(96.03)
Location of hypospadias
Distal	125(49.6)
Mild	47(18.65)
Proximal	80(31.75)
Surgical technique
Ducket	32(12.7)
MAGPI	2(0.79)
Mathias technique	15(5.95)
Snodgrass	130(51.59)
Staged hypospadias repair	69(27.38)
Onlay/inlay	4(1.59)
Chordee
Mild	36(14.29)
Moderate	20(7.94)
Severe	51(20.24)
No chordee	145(57.54)
Total	252(100.00)

Figure 1 Distribution of long-term complications among children who underwent hypospadias repair.

Table 2 Relationship Between Characteristics and Long-Term Outcomes

Variables	Patients with At Least One Long-Term Outcome
	n(%)	p-value
Age at time of operation
Less than 2 years	41(57.75)	0.395
More than 2 years	115(63.54)
Surgeon experience
<5 cases operated	100(79.37)	<0.001
>5 cases operated	56(44.44)
Suture size
3	2(50)	0.109
4	106(65.03)
5	32(65.31)
6	16(44.44)
Type of suture material
Monocryl	13(61.9)	0.78
Pds	10(71.43)
Vicryl	133(61.29)
Suture technique
Continuous	3(60)	0.879
Interrupted	4(80)
Subcuticular	149(61.57)
Location of hypospadias
Distal	54(43.2)	<0.001
Mild	32(68.09)
Proximal	70(87.5)
Surgical technique
Ducket	25(78.13)	<0.001
Magpi	2(100)
Mathias technique	13(86.67)
Snodgrass	51(39.23)
Staged hypospadias repair	61(88.41)
Onlay/inlay	4(100)
Chordee
Mild	26(72.22)	<0.001
Moderate	19(95)
Severe	47(92.16)
No chordee	64(44.14)
Total	156(61.60)

Table 3 Crude and Multivariable Analysis for the Association Between Long-Term Outcomes and Significant Predictors

Variables	Crude		Multivariable
	Prevalence Ratio	p-value(95% CI)	Prevalence Ratio	p-value(95% CI)
Surgeon experience
<5 cases operated	1		1
>5 cases operated	0.56	0.001(0.4–0.78)	0.6	0.003(0.43 −0.84)
Location of hypospadias
Mild	1		1
Distal	0.63	0.041(0.41–0.98)	1.12	0.701(0.62 −2.03)
Proximal	1.29	0.240(0.85–1.95)	1.01	0.977(0.52 −1.95)
Surgical technique
Ducket	1		1
MAGPI	1.28	0.737(0.30–5.40)	0.9	0.891(0.21 −3.96)
Mathias technique	1.11	0.762(0.57–2.17)	1.13	0.718(0.58 −2.23)
Snodgrass	0.5	0.005(0.31–0.81)	0.54	0.028(0.31 −0.93)
Staged hypospadias repair	1.13	0.603(0.71–1.80)	0.83	0.570(0.44 −1.58)
Onlay/inlay	1.28	0.647(0.45–3.68)	1.12	0.840(0.38 −3.31)
Chordee
No chordee	1		1
Moderate	1.64	0.034(1.04–2.58)	1.31	0.349(0.74 −2.32)
Severe	2.15	0.003(1.29–3.59)	1.55	0.246(0.74 −3.24)
Mild	2.09	<0.001(1.43–3.04)	1.57	0.237(0.74 −3.34)