Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in the 3’ Untranslated Region of PRKAA2 on Cardiometabolic Parameters in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Who Received Metformin

Figures & data

Table 1 Participants’ Characteristics

Characteristics	Mean±SD/n (%)
Age (years)	60.58±8.16
Gender (female)	67 (62)
Blood pressure (mmHg)	137.67±20.21/77.02±10.87
HbA1c (%)	8.46±1.70
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	196.12±39.14
HDL-c (mg/dL)	49.92±21.52
LDL-c (mg/dL)	137.57±72.39
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	158.04±102.17
Antidiabetic profiles:
Monotherapy metformin	29 (26.9)
Metformin in combination with other OAD	79 (73.1)
Metformin dose (mg/day)	1440±364.77

Note: Numerical data were expressed as mean±standard deviation (SD), and categorical data were expressed as n (%).

Abbreviations: HDL-c, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; OAD, oral antidiabetic agent(s).

Table 2 Patients’ Clinical Characteristics Based on the Genotype of rs857148

Clinical Characteristics	AA (n=15)	AC (n=45)	CC (n=48)	p-value
	HWE = 0.40
Age (years)	61.33±10.46	60.18±7.17	60.73±8.40	0.88
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	141.07±12.38	142.67±23.00	131.92±18.09	0.03^a
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	76.00±8.95	79.18±11.40	75.31±10.76	0.22
HbA1c (%)	8.17±1.84	8.54±1.77	8.47±1.61	0.76
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	191.20±41.70	200.33±35.81	193.71±41.70	0.63
HDL-c (mg/dL)	51.60±15.70	48.31±13.36	50.90±28.46	0.81
LDL-c (mg/dL)	116.80±34.74	135.67±41.87	145.85±95.59	0.39
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	144.73±71.45	175.16±120.25	146.15±90.69	0.34

Notes: ^ap<0.05; Kruskal–Wallis test.

Abbreviations: HDL-c, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c, low density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Figure 1 The PCR-RFLP results to determine PRKAA2 rs857148 variants. L= ladder (marker 50 bp), 8, 9, 10, 11, 13 are mutant homozygote genotype, 12 is wildtype homozygote genotype, and 14 is heterozygote genotype.

Table 3 Multiple Regression Analysis of rs857148 and Cardiometabolic Parameters

Genotypes	Hypertension (Yes)		HbA1c (%)		Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)		HDL-c (mg/dL)		LDL-c (mg/dL)		Triglycerides (mg/dL)
	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value
Model 1
AA	1.00 (reference)
AC	0.31(0.06–1.66)	0.17	1.24(0.80–1.91)	0.33	1.01(0.99–1.02)	0.50	0.99(0.96–1.02)	0.62	1.01(0.99–1.02)	0.27	1.00(0.99–1.01)	0.42
CC	0.27(0.05–1.38)	0.12	1.51(0.06–2.39)	0.08	1.00(0.99–1.02)	0.74	1.00 (0.97–1.03)	0.99	1.01(0.99–1.03)	0.13	1.00(0.99–1.01)	0.98
Dominant	0.89(0.38–2.09)	0.78	1.29(0.96–1.73)	0.10	1.00(0.99–1.01)	0.80	1.01(0.99–1.02)	0.62	1.00(0.99–1.01)	0.22	1.00(0.99–1.02)	0.26
RecessiveAA	3.59(0.73–17.72)	0.12	0.74(0.49–1.13)	0.16	1.00(0.99–1.01)	0.58	1.00 (0.98–1.03)	0.81	0.99(0.98–1.00)	0.18	0.99(0.99 −1.01)	0.66
Allele A	1.00 (reference)
Allele C	0.60(0.31–1.15)	0.12	1.22(0.99–1.50)	0.06	1.00(0.99–1.01)	0.90	1.00(1.00–1.01)	0.81	1.00(1.00–1.01)	0.12	0.99(0.99–1.02)	0.53
Model 2
AA	1.00 (reference)
AC	0.34 (0.03–4.39)	0.41	6.33 (0.92–43.71)	0.06	1.05 (1.01–1.10)	0.03*	1.07(0.97–1.20)	0.19	1.01(0.99–1.04)	0.34	1.01(0.99–1.02)	0.41
CC	0.47 (0.04–5.32)	0.54	7.12 (1.05–48.26)	0.04*	1.02 (0.99–1.06)	0.22	1.08 (0.97–1.21)	0.15	1.01 (0.99–1.04)	0.32	0.99 (0.98–1.01)	0.24
DominantCC	1.06 (0.27–4.23)	0.93	1.55 (0.78–3.07)	0.21	0.99 (0.97–1.01)	0.35	1.02 (0.98–1.05)	0.41	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	0.63	0.99 (0.98–1.00)	0.20
RecessiveAA	2.53 (0.24–27.12)	0.44	0.15 (0.02–0.97)	0.047*	0.97 (0.94–1.01)	0.10	0.93 (0.83–1.03)	0.16	0.99 (0.96–1.01)	0.30	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	0.88
Allele A	1.00 (reference)
Allele C	0.85 (0.30–2.42)	0.76	1.66 (1.06–2.60)	0.03*	1.00 (0.99–1.02)	0.80	1.02 (0.99–1.06)	0.26	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	0.44	0.99 (0.99–1.00)	0.15

Note: *p<0.05.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HDL-c, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; OR, odds ratio.