Association Metabolic Obesity Phenotypes with Cardiometabolic Index, Atherogenic Index of Plasma and Novel Anthropometric Indices: A Link of FTO-rs9939609 Polymorphism

Figures & data

Table 1 Anthropometric and Biochemical Characteristics According to the Metabolic Condition

Variables	MHNW (n=42)	MUNW (n=51)	MHO (n=24)	MUO (n=42)	P-V
Age (years)	54.70 ± 10.76	52.39 ±10.65	54.92 ± 4.93	50.90 ±10.46	0.26
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	27.08 ± 1.56 ^b,c	27.22 ±1.95 ^d,e	33.38 ±3.33	32.98 ±2.96	0.000
Waist circumference (cm)	97.02 ± 6.28 ^b,c	98.53 ±5.47 ^d,e	106.60 ±6.58	106.07 ±6.80	0.000
Waist-hip ratio	0.96 ± 0.04	0.98 ±0.04	0.98 ±0.05	0.95 ±0.05	0.02
Systolic BP (mmHg)	13.00 ± 1.97	14.03 ±2.25 ^d	11.98 ±1.91 ^f	13.89 ±2.14	0.00
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	8.40 ± 1.29	8.83 ±1.43 ^d	7.57 ±1.21 ^f	8.85 ±1.13	0.00
Heart rate (n)	80.14 ±10.27 ^a,c	87.17 ±13.33	82.14 ±9.10	86.93 ±11.46	0.02
Mean arterial pressure	9.93 ±1.47	10.56 ±1.56 ^d	9.04 ±1.36 ^f	10.53 ±1.35	0.000
Triglyceride (mg/dl)	117.36 ±86.14 ^a,c	217.22 ±101.35 ^d	151.46 ±50.74 ^f	224.60 ±98.16	<0.001
HDL (mg/dl)	50.69 ±7.98	46.96 ± 10.52	51.58 ±7.13	46.95 ±10.52	0.06
LDL(mg/dl)	81.54 ± 32.08	72.74 ± 27.70	78.25 ±21.74	71.21 ±28.50	0.32
Cholesterol (mg/dl)	153.31 ± 35.25	161.94 ± 40.31	154.75 ±23.99	160.36 ±40.21	0.66
hs-CRP (mg/l)	3.82 ±0.86	3.96 ±0.78	3.80 ±0.49	3.90 ±1.05	0.82
IL6 (ng/dl)	2.06 ±1.77	1.79 ±1.61	1.98 ±1.45	2.28 ±1.13	0.54
Total antioxidant capacity	0.38 ±0.10	0.39 ±0.13	0.38 ±0.05	0.41 ±0.15	0.67
Waist-height ratio	0.57 ± 0.37 ^a,b,c	0.59 ±0.04 ^d,e	0.66 ± 0.05	0.67 ±0.05	<0.001
A body shape index	0.084 ± 0.01 ^a	0.086 ± 0.01 ^d,e	0.085 ± 0.01	0.084 ± 0.01	0.03
Body adiposity index	25.61 ± 3.38 ^a,b,c	28.51 ± 4.13 ^d,e	33.74 ± 4.03	35.52 ± 4.73	<0.001
Weight-adjusted-waist index	10.92 ± 0.65 ^a,b,c	11.42 ±0.68 ^d,e	11.67 ± 1.01	11.71 ±0.64	<0.001
Atherogenic index of plasma	0.35 ±0.17 ^a,c	0.63 ±0.22 ^d	0.45 ± 0.16 ^f	0.64 ±0.20	<0.001
Lipid accumulation product	46.11±17.11 ^a,b,c	87.93 ±43.73 ^e	^f84.75 ± 29.85	115.27 ± 46.81	<0.001
Cardiometabolic index	1.37 ± 0.45 ^a, c	2.86 ±1.58	2.14 ± 0.93 ^f	3.23 ±1.41	<0.001

Notes: ^aSignificant difference between MHNW compared to MUNW. ^bSignificant difference between MHNW compared to MHO. ^cSignificant difference between MHNW compared to MUO. ^dSignificant difference between MUNW compared to MHO. ^eSignificant difference between MUNW compared to MUO. ^fSignificant difference between MHO compared to MUO.

Abbreviations: MHNW, metabolically healthy normal weight; MUNW, metabolically unhealthy normal weight; MHO, metabolically healthy obese; MUO, metabolically unhealthy obese; BP, blood pressure.

Table 2 Dietary Intake to the Metabolic Obesity Phenotypes

Variables	MHNW (n=42)	MUNW (n=51)	MHO (n=24)	MUO (n=42)	P-value
Energy (kcal)	2169.99 ±83.21	2166.95 ±103.80	2189.31 ± 52.09	2202.05 ± 61.98	0.16
Fat (gr)	99.07 ±13.49	98.66 ±13.11	98.90 ±17.28	100.18 ±11.58	0.95
Protein (gr)	58.13 ± 9.55	59.41 ± 10.73	59.25 ± 11.42	59.25 ± 7.62	0.92
Carbohydrates (gr)	273.00 ±25.30	271.78 ±29.92	279.28 ±38.28	277.29 ±21.24	0.64
Fiber (gr)	14.63 ±5.49	14.61 ±4.69	17.21 ±9.89	15.18 ±6.77	0.38
Cholesterol (mg)	361.97 ±120.72	358.26 ±120.80	339.43±103.85	353.00 ±104.21	0.88
SFA (gr)	40.80 ±10.04	39.32 ±9.09	40.98 ±11.24	40.61 ±8.09	0.84
MUFA	31.36 ±5.83	31.17 ±5.74	31.06 ±5.80	31.91 ±4.66	0.91
PUFA	14.22 ±6.40	15.09 ±5.96	13.46 ±4.04	14.19 ±4.22	0.65
Vitamin A (mg)	265.10 ±137.70	284.90 ±177.14	259.32±159.73	294.48 ±223.24	0.82
Vitamin D (µg)	6.54 ±6.17	5.76 ±5.52	6.88 ±7.81	7.59 ±8.75	0.66
Vitamin E (mg)	13.19 ±10.40	14.50 ±9.97	12.39 ±6.27	13.18 ±6.83	0.77
Vitamin K (mg)	58.73 ±30.38	65.47 ±29.93	60.18 ±34.40	77.85 ±45.93	0.07
Vitamin C (mg)	75.99 ±36.40	82.15 ±34.26	77.75 ±27.09	79.33 ±29.92	0.83
Folate (µg)	290.99 ±127.99	304.32 ±118.65	272.43±129.53	306.90 ±99.13	0.65
Vitamin B12 (µg)	2.07 ±1.16	2.37 ±1.25	2.19 ±1.62	2.57 ±1.92	0.46
Magnesium (mg)	195.60 ±64.49	215.48 ±63.00	227.29 ±120.70	219.37 ±81.19	0.37
Zinc (mg)	7.64 ±1.91	8.41 ±2.43	8.06 ±2.06	8.13 ±2.09	0.39
Fe (mg)	11.80 ±1.84	11.73 ±2.18	12.36 ±3.19	12.07 ±2.15	0.67
Selenium (mg)	37.41 ±19.90	38.31 ±18.27	45.42 ±51.35	42.03 ±30.38	0.67
Beta-carotene (mg)	1606.53 ±936.42	1686.21± 1232.41	1541.73 ±798.37	1640.12 ±991.65	0.85
Lutein (µg)	618.02 ±375.04	660.13 ±374.35	652.75±460.35	819.01 ±619.45	0.95
Lycopene (µg)	5791.89 ±3968.27	5734.21 ±4047.11	7047.63 ±5646.22	5874.81 ±4426.23	0.64
Cryptoxanthin (µg)	146.93 ±107.48	147.42 ±99.68	172.33 ±119.51	160.74 ±193.87	0.85
Caffeine (mg)	100.16 ±48.38	105.00 ± 81.79	86.49 ±47.93	104.93 ±76.35	0.70

Abbreviations: MHNW, metabolically healthy normal weight; MUNW, metabolically unhealthy normal weight; MHO, metabolically healthy obese; MUO, metabolically unhealthy obese; SFA, saturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Figure 1 Compare body adiposity index between metabolical obesity phenotype. The asterisk (*) indicates a significant difference between two groups.

Figure 2 Compare a body shape index between metabolical obesity phenotype. The asterisk (*) indicates a significant difference between two groups.

Figure 3 Compare weight-adjusted-weight index between metabolical obesity phenotype. The asterisk (*) indicates a significant difference between two groups.

Figure 4 Compare atherogenetic index of placema between metabolical obesity phenotype. The asterisk (*) indicates a significant difference between two groups.

Figure 5 Compare lipid accumulation product between metabolical obesity phenotype. The asterisk (*) indicates a significant difference between two groups.

Figure 6 Compare cardiometabolic index between metabolical obesity phenotype. The asterisk (*) indicates a significant difference between two groups.

Table 3 FTO (Rs9939609) Genotypes Frequency in Groups

Genotypes			Groups		MUO		P ^a	P ^b
	Total	MHNW	MUNW	MHO
TT, n (%)	26 (16.4%)	5 (3.1%)	8 (5.0%)	3 (1.9%)	10 (6.3%)		0.46	0.02
AA, n (%)	44 (27.7%)	8 (5.0%)	10 (6.3%)	12 (7.5%)	14 (8.8%)		0.02
AT, n (%)	89 (5.6%)	29 (18.2%)	33 (20.8%)	9 (5.7%)	18 (11.3%)		0.01

Notes: ^aDifference genotypes frequency between groups. ^bDifference of total frequency of genotypes between groups.

Abbreviations: MHNW, metabolically healthy normal weight; MUNW, metabolically unhealthy normal weight; MHO, metabolically healthy obese; MUO, metabolically unhealthy obese.

Table 4 Odds Ratios for Cardiometabolic Index, Atherogenic Index of Plasma and Novel Anthropometric Indices Based Metabolic Obesity Phenotypes

Variables	MHNW	MUNW	MHO	MUO
BAI
OR	Reference	1.23 (1.08–1.41)	1.57 (1.26–1.96)	1.67 (1.36–2.07)
P-value		0.002	<0.001	<0.001
WWI
OR	Reference	3.41 (1.54–7.56)	2.59 (1.08–6.23)	7.85 (2.76–22.28)
P-value		0.003	0.033	<0.001
LAP
OR	Reference	1.06 (1.03–1.09)	1.11 (1.04–1.19)	1.08 (1.04–1.12)
P-value		<0.001	0.002	<0.001
CMI
OR	Reference	11.56 (3.82–34.92)	7.61 (2.04–28.35)	32.04 (5.63–182.12)
P-value		<0.001	0.002	<0.001

Abbreviations: MHNW, metabolically healthy normal weight; MUNW, metabolically unhealthy normal weight; MHO, metabolically healthy obese; MUO, metabolically unhealthy obese; OR, odds ratio.