Immune-mediated keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs: current perspectives on management

Figures & data

Table 1 Main breed predisposition

American Cocker Spaniel

Bloodhound

Boston Terrier

Cavalier King Charles Spaniel

English Bulldog

English Cocker Spaniel

English Springer Spaniel

Lhasa Apso

Miniature Schnauzer

Pekingese

Pug

Samoyed

Shih Tzu

West Highland White Terrier

Yorkshire Terrier

Table 2 Stage of KCS

Stages	Clinical signs
Initial
	– Mucopurulent ocular discharge – Conjunctival hyperemia – Blepharospasm
Intermediate
	– Intense mucoid ocular discharge – Corneal opacification – Corneal vascularization
Final
	– Fibrosis – Pigmentation – Recurrent corneal ulceration (possible corneal perforation and blindness)

Abbreviation: KCS, keratoconjunctivitis sicca.