Effects of an Low carbohydrate/healthy fat/ketogenic Diet On Biomarkers of Health and symptoms, Anxiety and Depression in Parkinson’s Disease: A Pilot Study

Figures & data

Table 1. Participant demographics: age, gender, Hoehn-Yahr stage (n = 16).

	Men		Women
	Age <60 years	Age >60 years	Age <60 years	Age >60 years
H-Y Stage I	0	1	0	1
H-Y Stage Ia	1	2	0	1
H-Y Stage II	1	2	2	0
H-Y Stage IIa	1	2	0	0
H-Y Stage III	1	0	0	0
H-Y Stage IIIa	0	0	0	1

Table 2. Analysis of all study variables.

Biomarkers and variables of all participants		Difference					p-value
		N	Mean	SD	Median	IQR
Biomarker	Test	16	-2.54	1.66	-2.24	2.21	<0.0001
BMI	t
C-reactive protein	S	16	0.06	2.40	0.09	1.23	0.8999
CESD-R-20 total score	t	16	-1.25	6.69	0.50	8.50	0.4663
Fasting blood glucose reading mean	t	16	-0.65	10.47	-3.00	16.93	0.8061
Fasting insulin	S	16	-4.70	6.10	-2.45	7.30	0.0018
HDL	S	16	0.44	10.12	-0.50	8.50	0.9137
HgA1C	S	16	-0.46	0.69	-0.30	0.15	<0.0001
PAS total score	t	16	-3.06	4.06	-2.00	7.00	0.0086
Triglycerides	t	16	-13.56	30.99	-6.50	35.50	0.1004
Triglycerides to HDL ratio	t	16	-0.38	0.80	-0.10	0.73	0.0771
UPDRS Pt I subtotal 1–4 (maximum = 16)	t	16	-1.06	1.39	-1.00	2.00	0.0079
UPDRS Part II subtotal 18–31 (maximum = 108)	t	16	-3.75	13.13	-2.50	11.50	0.2711
UPDRS Part III subtotal 5–17 (maximum = 52)	S	16	-1.63	3.58	-1.50	3.00	0.0725
UPDRS Part IV total 1–31 (maximum = 176)	t	16	-6.44	15.21	-5.00	16.50	0.1112
Waist circumference	t	16	-3.84	3.21	-3.88	4.25	0.0002
Weight	t	16	16.81	11.03	-15.25	14.40	<0.0001

CSED-R-20: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Revised; HDL: High-density lipoproteins; IQR: Interquartile range; PAS: Parkinson’s anxiety scale; SD: Standard deviation; UPDRS: United Parkinson’s disease rating scale.

Table 3. Analysis of subsets (n = 14).

Biomarkers	Baseline						Poststudy phase 1					p-value
	N		Mean	SD	Median	IQR	N	Mean	SD	Median	IQR
Biomarker	Test	14	29.34	6.85	28.42	6.98	14	26.65	5.22	25.69	5.26
BMI	t											<0.0001
C-reactive protein	S	14	1.78	2.37	0.92	1.05	14	1.85	1.76	1.32	1.94	0.8077
CESD-R-20 total score	t	14	39.29	6.08	37.50	7.00	14	38.57	6.44	37.50	7.00	0.6854
Fasting glucose	t	14	101.55	16.11	100.83	13.00	14	100.75	10.36	99.75	8.33	0.7888
Fasting insulin	S	14	14.04	8.64	13.80	12.60	14	8.85	5.52	7.45	8.80	0.0033
HDL	S	14	61.29	21.32	58.00	23.00	14	62.71	27.93	58.50	23.00	1.000
HgA1C	S	14	5.78	0.42	5.80	0.20	14	5.46	0.34	5.60	0.20	0.0001
PAS total score	t	14	26.29	9.65	23.00	10.00	14	23.21	8.01	21.00	5.00	0.0079
Triglycerides	t	14	109.57	98.49	73.00	50.00	14	95.86	92.73	69.00	24.00	0.0275
Triglycerides to HDL ratio	S	14	2.46	3.73	1.15	1.42	14	2.12	3.28	1.25	0.67	0.0785
UPDRS Part I subtotal 1–4 (maximum = 16)	t	14	3.86	2.74	3.00	3.00	14	2.93	2.87	2.00	4.00	0.0129
UPDRS Part II subtotal 18–31 (maximum = 108)	t	14	30.21	17.58	25.00	6.00	14	27.36	16.44	24.50	15.00	0.4542
UPDRS Part III subtotal 5–17 (maximum = 52)	t	14	14.29	6.50	12.00	5.00	14	12.71	5.94	11.50	5.00	0.1494
UPDRS Part IV total 1–31 (maximum = 176)	t	14	48.36	25.10	41.50	10.00	14	43.00	23.78	41.50	20.00	0.2327
Waist circumference	t	14	41.68	8.30	41.00	10.50	14	38.11	6.12	36.75	6.75	0.0002
Weight	t	14	195.46	44.69	184.80	45.00	14	177.64	34.36	169.10	40.00	<0.0001

CSEDR: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Revised; HDL: High-density lipoproteins; IQR: Interquartile range; PAS: Parkinson’s anxiety scale; SD: Standard deviation; UPDRS: United Parkinson’s disease rating scale.