Differential effect of metabolic syndrome on various parameters of arterial stiffness

Figures & data

Table I. Clinical characteristics of the study cohort according to the presence (MetSy+) or absence (MetSy−) of metabolic syndrome.

	MetSy+ n = 334	MetSy− n = 602	p
Women	161 (48.2)	348 (57.8)	0.0047
Age (years)	60.4 ± 9.8	51.1 ± 13.6	< 0.0001
SBP (mmHg)	135.9 ± 16.1	123.6 ± 15.9	< 0.0001
DBP (mmHg)	82.8 ± 9.7	79.5 ± 8.5	< 0.0001
HR (bpm)	70.4 ± 10.4	68.8 ± 9.12	0.0142
BMI (kg/m²)	31.0 ± 4.5	25.4 ± 3.9	< 0.0001
Pathological waist^a	286 (85.6)	148 (24.6)	< 0.0001
HDL-C (mmol/l)	1.28 ± 0.4	1.55 ± 0.4	< 0.0001
LDL-C (mmol/l)	3.07 ± 3.0	3.08 ± 0.9	0.8392
TAG (mmol/l)	2.08 ± 1.4	1.14 ± 0.54	< 0.0001
Glycaemia (mmol/l)	6.0 ± 1.53	4.97 ± 4.9	< 0.0001
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m²)	77.36 ± 16.3	83.92 ± 13.2	< 0.0001
Smoking	85 (25.4)	175 (29.1)	0.1181
Trt AH	195 (58.4)	116 (19.3)	< 0.0001
Trt DM	40 (12.0)	3 (0.5)	< 0.0001
Trt LLD	139 (41.6)	32 (5.3)	< 0.0001
aPWV (m/s)	9.0 ± 2.3	7.3 ± 2.1	< 0.0001
lePWV (m/s)	11.4 ± 2.5	10.9 ± 2.3	0.0075
AIx (%)	147.5 ± 1.4	145.8 ± 1.0	0.3374
CAP (mmHg)	16.2 ± 0.5	14.0 ± 0.3	< 0.0001

Values are arithmetic mean ± SD or proportions, i.e. n (%).

^aWaist circumference ≥ 102 cm in men, ≥ 88 cm in women.

SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; BMI, body mass index; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TAG, triglycerides; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; Trt AH, antihypertensive treatment; Trt DM, antidiabetic treatment (oral antidiabetics/insulin); Trt LLD, lipid-lowering drug treatment; aPWV, aortic pulse-wave velocity; lePWV, lower extremity pulse-wave velocity; AIx, augmentation index; cAP, central augmentation pressure.

Figure 1. Distribution of individual metabolic syndrome (MetSy) risk factors. HT, arterial hypertension; WAIST, pathological waist (waist circumference ≥ 102 cm in men, ≥ 88 cm in women); TAG, triglycerides; GLU, glycaemia; HDL-chol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Figure 2. Association between number of metabolic syndrome (MetSy) risk factors, pulse-wave velocity and parameters of wave reflection. RFs, risk factors; PWV-ao, aortic pulse-wave velocity; PWV-le, lower extremity pulse-wave velocity; cAIx, central augmentation index; cAP, central augmentation pressure.

Table II. Clinical characteristics of the study cohort according to number of metabolic syndrome (MetSy) risk factors.

	No. of MetSy risk factors					p
	0	1	2	3	≥ 4
n (%)	198 (21.1)	208 (22.2)	196 (20.9)	181 (19.3)	153 (16.3)	–
Women	134 (67.7)	112 (53.8)	102 (52.0)	82 (45.3)	79 (51.6)	0.0003
Age (years)	44.0 ± 12.2	52.1 ± 13.7	57.1 ± 11.6	59.5 ± 10.1	61.5 ± 9.2	˂ 0.0001
SBP (mmHg)	113.3 ± 1.0	126.4 ± 1.0	131.1 ± 1.1	135.9 ± 1.1	135.8 ± 1.2	< 0.0001
DBP (mmHg)	74.6 ± 0.6	80.7 ± 0.6	83.2 ± 0.6	83.7 ± 0.6	81.7 ± 0.7	< 0.0001
Pulse pressure (mmHg)	43.6 ± 1.0	51.7 ± 1.0	52.2 ± 1.0	54.6 ± 1.0	57.5 ± 1.1	< 0.0001
HR (bpm)	60.6 ± 0.7	60.8 ± 0.7	63.4 ± 0.7	64.2 ± 0.7	65.2 ± 0.8	< 0.0001
BMI (kg/m²)	23.1 ± 2.7	25.3 ± 3.2	27.9 ± 4.1	30.4 ± 4.8	31.6 ± 4.1	< 0.0001
Pathological waist^a	0	40 (19.2)	108 (55.1)	141 (77.9)	145 (94.8)	< 0.0001
HDL-C (mmol/l)	1.7 ± 0.3	1.5 ± 0.4	1.5 ± 0.3	1.4 ± 0.3	1.2 ± 0.3	< 0.0001
LDL-C (mmol/l)	2.9 ± 0.8	3.1 ± 0.9	3.3 ± 0.9	3.2 ± 0.1	3.0 ± 0.9	< 0.0001
TAG (mmol/l)	0.9 ± 0.3	1.1 ± 0.4	1.5 ± 0.7	1.7 ± 1.0	2.5 ± 1.6	< 0.0001
Glycaemia (mmol/l)	4.8 ± 0.4	4.9 ± 0.4	5.2 ± 0.6	5.6 ± 1.2	6.4 ± 1.8	< 0.0001
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m²)	87.2 ± 12.3	83.7 ± 13.1	80.7 ± 13.6	78.7 ± 17.2	75.8 ± 15.2	< 0.0001
Smoking	57 (28.8)	68 (32.7)	50 (25.5)	49 (27.1)	36 (23.5)	0.1313
Trt AH	0	42 (20.2)	74 (37.8)	92 (50.8)	103 (67.3)	< 0.0001
Trt DM	0	0	3 (1.5)	9 (5.0)	31 (20.3)	< 0.0001
Trt LLD	0	8 (3.8)	24 (12.2)	72 (39.8)	67 (43.8)	< 0.0001

Values are arithmetic mean ± SD or proportions, i.e. n (%).

^aWaist circumference ≥ 102 cm in men, ≥ 88 cm in women.

SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; BMI, body mass index; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TAG, triglycerides; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; Trt AH, antihypertensive treatment; Trt DM, antidiabetic treatment (oral antidiabetics/insulin); Trt LLD, lipid-lowering drug treatment.

Figure 3. Proportion of aortic pulse-wave velocity (PWV) variance explained by individual metabolic syndrome (MetSy) risk factors. HT, arterial hypertension; WAIST, pathological waist (waist circumference ≥ 102 cm in men, ≥ 88 cm in women); GLU, glycaemia; TAG, triglycerides; HDL-chol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.