Detection of plant-based adulterants in turmeric powder using DNA barcoding

Figures & data

Table 1. Primers used for PCR amplification.

Primer name	Sequence	Reference
rbcL a-f rbcL a-r	5′-ATG TCA CCA CAA ACA GAG ACT AAAGC-3′ 5′-GTA AAA TCA AGT CCA CCG CG-3′	Kress and Erickson (2007)
ITS-2 ITS-3	5′-GCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC-3′ 5′-GCATCGATGAAGAACGCAGC-3′	Urbatsch et al. (2000)
matK 390F matK 1326R	5′-CGATCTATTCATTCAATATTTC-3′ 5′-TCTAGCACACGAAAGTCGAAGT-3′	Cuenoud et al. (2002)
matK1R_KIM matK3F_KIM	5′-CGTACAGTACTTTTGTGTTTACGAG-3′ 5′-ACCCAGTCCATCTGGAAATCTTGGTTC-3′	Vijayan and Tsou (2010)

Table 2. PCR reaction conditions for the barcoding loci.

	PCR reaction condition
Loci	Initial denaturation	Denaturation	Annealing	Extension	Final extension	Total no: of cycles
matK 3F/1R	94 °C–1 min	94 °C–30 s	52 °C–20 s	72 °C–50 s	72 °C–5 min	35
matK390F/1326R	94 °C–1 min	94 °C–30 s	48 °C–30 s	72 °C–30 s	72 °C–7 min	26
rbcL	95 °C–4 min	94 °C–30 s	55 °C–1 min	72 °C–1 min	72 °C–10 min	35
ITS	94 °C–5 min	94 °C–30 s	56 °C–45 s	72 °C–45 s	72 °C–10 min	40

Figure 1. (a) Amplification of rbcL locus in C. longa and C. zedoaria (lanes 1–5 – C. longa acc. no. 119, 143, 126, 360, and 161; lanes 6–9 – C. zedoaria acc. no. 760, 465, 1517, and 765, and lane 10 – 100 bp ladder). (b) Amplification of rbcL locus in cassava starch and market samples of turmeric (lanes 1 – 100 bp ladder; lane 2 – cassava starch; lanes 3–12 – market sample (MS) 1 – 10; lane 13 – 100 bp ladder).

Figure 2. (a) Amplification of ITS locus in C. longa, C. zedoaria, and cassava starch (lanes 1–5 – C. longa acc. no. 119, 143, 126, 360, and 161; lanes 6–9 – C. zedoaria acc. no. 760, 465, 1517, and 765; lane 10 – cassava starch; lane 11 – 100 bp ladder). (b) Amplification of ITS locus in market samples of turmeric (lanes 1–10 – market sample (MS) 1–10; lane 11 – 100 bp ladder).

Table 3. SNPs that discriminates C. longa from C. zedoaria.

	Position of SNP and nucleotide substituted
Species	268	355	377	406
C. longa	G	G	G	G
C. zedoaria	A	A	T	C

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