An overview of the alpha-, beta- and gamma-carbonic anhydrases from Bacteria: can bacterial carbonic anhydrases shed new light on evolution of bacteria?

Figures & data

Table 1. Distribution of CA families in Gram-negative/positive bacteria (for which the genome was cloned).

Gram negative	CA family
Neisseria gonorrhoeae	α	–	–
Helicobacter pylori	α	β	γ
Escherichia coli	–	β	γ
Haemophilus influenzae	–	β	–
Brucella suis	–	β	γ
Salmonella enterica	–	β	–
Vibrio cholerae	α	β	γ
Sulfurihydrogenibium yellowstonense	α	–	γ
Sulfurihydrogenibium azorense	α	–	γ
Porphyromonas gingivalis	–	β	γ
Ralstonia eutropha	α	β	γ
Burkholderia pseudomallei	–	β	γ
Gram positive	CA family
Mycobacterium tuberculosis	–	β	γ
Clostridium perfringens	–	β	γ
Streptococcus pneumoniae	–	β	γ
Bacillus subtilis	–	β	γ
Leifsonia xyli	–	β	γ
Staphylococcus aureus	–	–	γ
Enterococcus faecalis	–	–	γ

Figure 1. Role of α- and β-CA in the maintenance of periplasmic pH in Helicobacter pylori. (see text for details). Figure from reference14.

Figure 2. Phylogenetic analysis of the γ-CAs of the Gram-negative and -positive bacteria indicated in Table 1. The tree was constructed using the program PhyML 3.0. Branch support values are reported at branch point. Accession numbers of the amino acid sequences used in the phylogenetic analysis are given in Table 3.

Figure 3. Phylogenetic analysis of the β-CAs of the Gram-negative and -positive bacteria indicated in Table 1. The tree was constructed using the program PhyML 3.0. Branch support values are reported at branch point. Accession numbers of the amino acid sequences used in the phylogenetic analysis are given in Table 3.

Figure 4. Phylogenetic analysis of the α-, β- and γ-CAs of the Gram-negative and -positive bacteria indicated in Table 1. The tree was constructed using the program PhyML 3.0. Branch support values are reported at branch point. Accession numbers of the amino acid sequences used in the phylogenetic analysis are given in Table 3.

Figure 5. Three-dimensional structure of gamma- (Cam), beta- (Can2) and alpha- (hCA II) CAs, with a view of the catalytic pocket.

Table 2. Kinetic parameters for the CO₂ hydration reaction catalyzed by various archaeal/bacterial CAs belonging to the various families and their inhibition data with the sulfonamide acetazolamide.

Isozyme	Class	Organism	kcat (s^−1)	kcat/Km (M^−1s^−1)	KI acetazolamide (nM)
Cam	γ	archaeon	6.1 × 10^4	8.7 × 10^5	63
PgiCA	γ	bacterium	4.1 × 10^5	5.4 × 10^7	324
HpyCA	β	bacterium	7.1 × 10^5	4.8 × 10^7	40
BsuCA213	β	bacterium	1.1 × 10^6	8.9 × 10^7	303
lpCA2	β	bacterium	8.3 × 10^5	8.5 × 10^7	36
SspCA	α	bacterium	9.35 × 10^5	1.1 × 10^8	4.5
SazCA	α	bacterium	4.4 × 10^6	3.5 × 10^8	0.9

All data were obtained in the author’s laboratories30^,31^,33^,38^,39^,41^,63^,74–76.

Table 3. Proteins, organisms, accession numbers and cryptonyms of the sequences used in the phylogenetic analysis.

		Accession number and CA class
	Organism	α	β	γ	Cryptonym
Gram-negative	Neisseria gonorrhoeae	YP_207719.1	–	–	NgonCA
	Helicobacter pylori	NP_223829.1	WP_000642968.1	WP_000034119.1	HpyCA
	Escherichia coli	–	WP_001709803.1	CDL59494	EcoCA
	Haemophilus influenzae	–	NP_439452	–	HinCA
	Brucella suis	–	EEY28164.1	NP_698263.1	bSuCA
	Salmonella enterica	–	WP_023203629.1	–	SenCA
	Vibrio cholerae	AEA79886.1	WP_002051193.1	YP_001218355.1	VchCA
	Sulfurihydrogenibium yellowstonense	ACD66216.1	–	WP_007547159.1	SspCA
	Sulfurihydrogenibium azorense	ACN99362.1	–	WP_012674376.1	SazCA
	Porphyromonas gingivalis	–	WP_021663681.1	WP_012457873.1	PgiCA
	Ralstonia eutropha	YP_841915.1	YP_841782.1	YP_725701.1	ReuCA
	Burkholderia pseudomallei	–	WP_004550949.1	YP_108862.1	BpsCA
Gram-positive	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	–	P64797.1	YP_008227613.1	MtuCA
	Clostridium perfringens	–	WP_003471412.1	NP_562567.1	CpeCA
	Streptococcus pneumoniae	–	NP_344575.1	YP_816426.1	SpnCA
	Bacillus subtilis	–	YP_003867325.1	YP_005558024.1	BsubCA
	Leifsonia xyli	–	YP_062554.1	YP_062697.1	LxiCA
	Staphylococcus aureus	–	–	EVX10196.1	SauCA
	Enterococcus faecalis	–	–	EPH93090.1	EfaCA

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