Figures & data
Fig. 1. Immunosuppressive mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment. HPV developed several mechanisms to escape the host immune system such as the suppression of immune responses via the modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, type I interferon (IFNα, IFNβ) and adhesion molecules expression. There is also an inhibition of Th1 response in the presence of a switch from Th1 to Th2. The capsid of HPV particles may influence the recruitment, stimulation and trafficking of Langerhans cells (LC) and dendritic cells (DC). The preneoplastic cells infected by HPV exhibit a reduced expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI), transporters of antigenic peptides (TAP) and low-molecular proteins (LMP), thereby preventing cytotoxic T cell induction.
