Wheat aleurone polyphenols increase plasma eicosapentaenoic acid in rats

Figures & data

Fig. 1 Study design.

Table 1 Macronutrient and fatty acid composition of A04 diet and wheat aleurone

	A04 diet (SAFE)	Wheat aleurone
	g/100 g
Proteins	16.1	12.6
Total carbohydrates	59.9	61.8
Lipids	3.1	8.7
Fatty acids	mg/100 g lipid
Saturated fatty acids	620	955
C18:1n-9	400	1,211
C18:2n-6	1,310	3,240
C18:3n-3	110	326
C20:4n-6	0.0	0.6
C20:5n-3(eicosapentaenoic acid)	20	12
C22:5n-3	10	11
C22:6n-3(docosahexaenoic acid)	30	1.2

Table 2 Phenolic acid content in WA and CP^a

	WA, n=3		CP, n=3
	Free	Bound	Free	Bound
Compounds, mg/g of diet
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid	0.12±0.02	ND	ND	ND
p-Coumaric acid	0.29±0.02	0.70±0.07	0.07±0.01	1.1±0.06
Caffeic acid	ND	0.04±0.00	ND	0.07±0.00
Trans-ferulic acid	0.31±0.06	8.9±0.63	0.06±0.01	3.3±0.34
Ferulic acid isomer	ND	2.8±0.44	ND	1.1±0.25
Sinapic acid	ND	0.17±0.02	ND	0.11±0.03
Sinapic acid isomer	ND	0.04±0.01	ND	0.04±0.00
Dimeric ferulic acids	ND	13.5±2.2	ND	3.6±0.23
Trimeric ferulic acids	ND	1.2±0.00	ND	0.33±0.03

^aEach value is mean±SD.

WA=wheat aleurone pellets, CP=control pellets, ND=not detected.

Table 3 Urinary concentration of main phenolic acid metabolites in rats fed WA and CP^a

	WA, n=5	CP, n=5	p
Compounds, µmol/L
Hydroxyphenylpropionic acid-like	36.95±29.2	13.40±2.1	NS
Hippuric acid	2,031±506.9	1,361±258.8	NS
Hydroxyphenylpropionic acid-O-sulfate	52.23±25.1	27.95±3.3	NS
Ferulic acid-O-sulfate	481.94±318.5	69.28±27.2	0.04
Dihydroferulic acid-O-sulfate	16.04±7.8	5.70±2.7	NS
Enterolactone-O-glucuronide	43.83±30.3	13.13±5.1	NS

^aValues are means±SD, n=5 per group.

NS=non-significant (p>0.05).

WA=wheat aleurone pellets, CP=control pellets. Hydroxyphenylpropionic acid-like, 3′-Hydroxyphenylpropionic acid, Methoxyhydroxybenzoic acid-O-sulfate and Ferulic acid-O-glucuronide were also analysed but not reported in the table.

Table 4 Effect of WA on plasma lipids and fatty acids in rats receiving the control or the linseed oils^a

	Experiment 1		Experiment 2
	CP, n=12	WA, n=12	CP, n=12	WA, n=12
Lipids, mmol/L
Total cholesterol	0.53±0.07	0.55±0.13	0.57±0.10	0.50±0.06
Triglycerides	0.84±0.30	0.74±0.15	0.90±0.29	0.83±0.25
Fatty acids,% of total fatty acids
C14:0	0.27±0.06	0.27±0.05	0.28±0.08	0.28±0.11
C16:0	18.8±1.5	18.7±1.7	17.7±1.1	17.5±1.5
C18:0	7.4±0.93	6.7±0.80	6.9±0.90	6.6±1.2
C18:1n-9	9.6±2.4	10.0±2.7	9.3±2.45	8.7±1.81
C18:2n-6	23.1±1.4	24.1±1.4	26.0±1.1	26.5±1.1
C18:3n-3	0.75±0.12	0.85±0.22	2.8±0.49	2.9±0.49
C20:4n-6	26.8±5.1	25.6±4.9	21.1±4.4	21.2±4.2
C20:5n-3 (EPA)	1.6±0.28	2.0±0.35*	4.0±0.69	4.1±0.70
C22:4n-6	0.29±0.04	0.25±0.04	0.18±0.03	0.16±0.03
C22:5n-3	0.78±0.14	0.79±0.09	1.3±0.32	1.4±0.33
C22:6n-3 (DHA)	4.8±0.41	4.6±0.42	4.8±0.75	4.8±0.67
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

^aValues are means±SD, n=12 per group.

*p<0.05. WA=wheat aleurone pellets, CP=control pellets.