Consumption of various forms of apples is associated with a better nutrient intake and improved nutrient adequacy in diets of children: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2010

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographics of children 2–18 years (n=13,339) participating in NHANES 2003–2010 by total apple/apple product consumption

Variable	Consumers (n=3,482) LSM±SE	Non-consumers (n=9,857) LSM±SE	P
Gender (%)
Female	49.85±1.43	48.95±0.82	0.5843
Ethnicity (%)
Non-Hispanic Whites	58.25±1.97	60.97±2.01	0.3335
Non-Hispanic Blacks	13.01±1.10	14.88±1.09	0.2267
Mexican–American	15.93±1.27	12.38±1.17	0.0394
Age (years)	8.34±0.15	10.71±0.10	<0.0001
Poverty income ratio	2.56±0.07	2.49±0.06	0.4857
Physical activity (%)
Sedentary	12.97±1.02	12.73±0.59	0.8385
Moderate	20.37±1.07	19.83±0.74	0.6756
Active	66.66±1.34	67.45±0.85	0.6206
Smoker, current (%)	2.45±0.38	7.46±0.48	<0.0001
Alcohol (g)	0.25±0.08	0.58±0.11	0.0122

LSM, least square means.

Table 2 Mean nutrient intake±SE in children 2–18 years participating in NHANES 2003–2010 by total apple and apple juice consumption (n=13,339)

	Total apple			Apple juice
Variables^a,b	Consumers (n=3,482) LSM±SE	Non-consumers (n=9,857) LSM±SE	P	Consumers (n=1,714) LSM±SE	Non-consumers (n=11,625) LSM±SE	P
Energy (kcal)	2033.84±23.00	1975.85±13.51	0.0297	2048.84±26.66	1982.65±12.33	0.0242
Protein (g)	68.93±0.62	69.98±0.35	0.1408	68.17±0.73	69.93±0.33	0.0277
Total sugar (g)	142.51±1.37	132.62±0.97	<0.0001	144.19±1.61	133.90±0.92	<0.0001
Added sugar (tsp eq)	18.22±0.29	21.61±0.25	<0.0001	17.44±0.38	21.20±0.24	<0.0001
Dietary fiber (g)	14.97±0.19	12.22±0.11	<0.0001	13.25±0.22	12.89±0.12	0.1563
Total fat (g)	70.63±0.51	74.51±0.33	<0.0001	70.82±0.64	73.89±0.32	<0.0001
SFA (g)	24.64±0.21	26.32±0.15	<0.0001	24.67±0.32	26.06±0.13	<0.0001
MUFA (g)	25.48±0.25	27.24±0.16	<0.0001	25.57±0.29	26.95±0.15	<0.0001
PUFA (g)	14.48±0.20	14.62±0.13	0.5768	14.48±0.26	14.60±0.12	0.6740
Cholesterol (mg)	216.03±5.67	221.59±2.47	0.3682	225.06±9.35	219.46±2.22	0.5600
Vitamin A, RAE (µg)	612.17±14.93	570.08±7.38	0.0115	583.38±17.57	580.62±7.45	0.8851
Vitamin D (µg)	6.06±0.17	5.72±0.08	0.0649	5.70±0.20	5.82±0.08	0.5604
Folate, DFE (µg)	532.04±9.92	526.58±6.17	0.6400	511.59±10.48	530.29±6.19	0.1244
Total choline (mg)	251.70±4.41	248.58±2.05	0.5216	250.28±6.61	249.28±2.14	0.8850
Calcium (mg)	1043.89±14.80	1008.51±8.79	0.0399	1017.74±20.16	1017.66±8.06	0.9970
Magnesium (mg)	242.53±2.36	225.81±1.31	<0.0001	231.19±2.44	229.98±1.39	0.6677
Iron (mg)	14.73±0.18	14.27±0.10	0.0255	14.68±0.28	14.35±0.10	0.2571
Sodium (mg)	3079.31±23.31	3172.41±20.01	0.0024	3073.21±32.36	3158.98±18.21	0.0209
Potassium (mg)	2407.70±28.50	2148.72±15.72	<0.0001	2398.94±33.65	2189.71±16.65	<0.0001
Phosphorus (mg)	1270.05±11.97	1251.69±7.20	0.1887	1250.80±15.82	1257.23±6.60	0.7072

Data source: Participants 2–18 years of age of the NHANES 2003–2010.

LSM, least square means.

^aCovariates for energy: gender, ethnicity, age, poverty income ratio, and physical activity.

^bCovariates for nutrients: gender, ethnicity, age, poverty income ratio, physical activity, and energy (kcals).

Table 3 Mean nutrient intake±SE in children aged 2–18 years participating in NHANES 2003–2010 by applesauce and whole apple consumption (n=13,339)

	Applesauce			Whole apple
Variables^a,b	Consumers (n=332) LSM±SE	Non-consumers (n=13,007) LSM±SE	P	Consumers (n=1,891) LSM±SE	Non-consumers (n=11,448) LSM±SE	P
Energy (kcal)	1997.93±46.30	1990.53±12.19	0.8773	2052.65±32.88	1980.65±12.41	0.0405
Protein (g)	70.02±1.22	69.70±0.32	0.8045	69.73±0.78	69.71±0.35	0.9794
Total sugar (g)	144.99±3.79	134.86±0.85	0.0092	140.93±2.09	134.23±0.91	0.0033
Added sugar (tsp eq)	19.45±0.78	20.78±0.23	0.1043	18.02±0.40	21.18±0.23	<0.0001
Dietary fiber (g)	13.71±0.30	12.91±0.12	0.0146	16.96±0.23	12.28±0.11	<0.0001
Total fat (g)	70.51±1.30	73.60±0.28	0.0205	70.28±0.73	74.03±0.30	<0.0001
SFA (g)	25.15±0.59	25.91±0.13	0.2094	24.47±0.29	26.12±0.14	<0.0001
MUFA (g)	25.50±0.59	26.82±0.13	0.0282	25.31±0.37	27.02±0.14	<0.0001
PUFA (g)	13.78±0.33	14.61±0.11	0.0167	14.53±0.27	14.59±0.12	0.8462
Cholesterol (mg)	226.28±13.41	219.97±2.34	0.6429	210.94±6.67	221.66±2.58	0.1338
Vitamin A, RAE (µg)	621.10±33.31	579.70±7.84	0.2264	641.40±18.99	571.12±7.52	0.0006
Vitamin D (µg)	6.17±0.33	5.80±0.08	0.2683	6.33±0.21	5.72±0.08	0.0077
Folate, DFE (µg)	503.82±22.59	528.75±5.65	0.2844	554.52±13.17	523.65±5.85	0.0322
Total choline (mg)	259.74±10.97	249.04±2.16	0.3385	253.92±4.88	248.64±2.16	0.3223
Calcium (mg)	1068.61±29.58	1016.05±8.15	0.0867	1063.70±19.83	1010.16±8.59	0.0132
Magnesium (mg)	231.57±3.78	230.09±1.38	0.7120	254.38±3.42	226.18±1.34	<0.0001
Iron (mg)	14.28±0.43	14.40±0.09	0.8005	14.93±0.22	14.30±0.10	0.0096
Sodium (mg)	3134.84±69.94	3148.79±17.12	0.8464	3073.04±36.42	3160.67±18.64	0.0322
Potassium (mg)	2299.86±52.19	2212.96±17.33	0.1141	2465.03±37.36	2174.93±16.32	<0.0001
Phosphorus (mg)	1274.23±22.56	1255.87±6.89	0.4363	1289.66±15.41	1251.02±7.19	0.0231

Data source: Participants 2–18 years of age of the NHANES 2003–2010.

^aCovariates for energy: gender, ethnicity, age, poverty income ratio, and physical activity.

^bCovariates for nutrients: gender, ethnicity, age, poverty income ratio, physical activity, and energy (kcals).

Fig. 1 Percentage of children with usual intakes not meeting recommendations by total apple consumption.