Effects of goat milk–based formula on development in weaned rats

Figures & data

Fig. 1 Effect of GMF on body weight and body length trends in Sprague-Dawley rats treated with different levels of GMF, shown by body weight (a, female; b, male) and body length (c, female; d, male). ^aStatistical significance: p<0.05, compared with control; ^bstatistical significance: p<0.05, compared with 20%-CMF; ^cstatistical significance: p<0.05, compared with 5%-GMF; ^dstatistical significance: p<0.05, compared with 10%-GMF. GMF: goat milk–based formula.

Table 1 Locomotor activity in rats treated with different doses goat milk–based formula treatment by open field test

Sex	Group	N	Modification frequency	Latency time	Modification time	Rearing frequency	Number of crossing
Female
	Control	10	1.19±1.40	6.67±2.96	9.24±4.69	15.76±8.21	2.14±2.29
	20%-CMF	10	1.60±1.67	8.05±3.49	4.70±2.41^a	10.11±5.64	2.00±3.11
	5%-GMF	10	1.10±1.61	5.90±3.10	10.10±5.38^b	10.52±8.59	0.71±1.55
	10%-GMF	10	1.90±1.38	7.19±6.87	10.29±6.03^b	12.86±10.46	0.95±2.20
	20%-GMF	10	1.95±0.97	11.33±5.55	11.95±5.41^b	17.14±11.60^bc	1.90±2.90
Male
	Control	10	1.25±0.97	7.83±2.86	6.00±2.92	4.75±2.63	0.58±1.17
	20%-CMF	10	2.25±2.01	8.33±3.89	7.67±2.74	11.75±5.68^a	0.33±0.65
	5%-GMF	10	1.55±1.44	7.73±4.03	5.55±3.08	6.82±5.34^b	1.18±2.04
	10%-GMF	10	2.92±2.28	6.50±3.09	5.00±3.05^b	5.75±4.05^b	0.33±0.89
	20%-GMF	10	1.58±1.38	6.33±2.06	6.92±3.12	7.75±3.57^b	0.17±0.39

Data are mean±SD values. ^aStatistical significance: p<0.05, compared with control; ^bstatistical significance: p<0.05, compared with 20%-CMF; ^cstatistical significance: p<0.05, compared with 5%-GMF.

Table 2 Hematology parameters in rats treated with different doses of goat milk–based formula

			WBC	GR#	LY#	MO#	RBC#	MCV	HGB	MCH	EO%
Sex	Group	N	(10^9/L)	(10^9/L)	(10^9/L)	(10^9/L)	(10^12/L)	(Fl)	(g/L)	(pg)	(10^9/L)
Female
	Control	10	5.77±1.73	1.74±0.53	3.87±1.45	0.01±0.03	7.28±0.67	55.22±1.97	156.11±12.40	21.46±0.60	0.14±0.05
	20%-CMF	10	6.58±1.73	2.26±1.27	4.01±1.06	0.11±0.32	7.41±0.37	53.94±2.43	155.38±4.69	21.01±1.04	0.19±0.06
	5%-GMF	10	6.10±1.71	1.98±1.00	3.93±1.37	0.00±0.00	7.50±0.43	55.19±2.24	162.50±6.30	21.71±0.72	0.20±0.11
	10%-GMF	10	5.41±2.12	1.63±0.65	3.58±1.57	0.03±0.05	7.51±0.45	54.94±2.50	161.88±8.06	21.60±0.71	0.19±0.08
	20%-GMF	10	6.17±2.08	2.01±1.05	3.93±1.05	0.01±0.04	7.75±0.28^a	53.66±1.30	162.29±6.50	20.93±0.77	0.21±0.15
Male
	Control	10	9.14±3.01	3.49±1.61	5.45±1.82	0.05±0.08	8.30±1.08	50.45±1.59	158.25±20.37	19.10±0.81	0.15±0.08
	20%-CMF	10	9.70±1.69	4.38±1.61	5.00±1.54	0.15±0.19	7.91±0.46	54.64±2.19^a	162.88±9.06	20.59±0.55^a	0.18±0.09
	5%-GMF	10	7.70±2.21	2.85±0.98^b	4.59±1.50	0.09±0.06	7.88±0.78	52.95±2.15^a	158.50±11.31	20.18±0.96^a	0.18±0.10
	10%-GMF	10	9.28±2.52	3.66±1.32	3.36±2.08^a	0.08±0.21	8.39±0.32	52.71±2.01^ab	160.62±6.91	19.16±0.49^bc	2.13±2.24
	20%-GMF	10	8.93±3.09	2.91±1.82	3.51±2.28^a	0.03±0.07^b	8.22±1.01	52.36±1.57^ab	158.88±19.93	19.35±1.05^bc	2.23±2.72

Data are mean±SD values. ^aStatistical significance: p<0.05, compared with control; ^bstatistical significance: p<0.05, compared with 20%-CMF; ^cstatistical significance: p<0.05, compared with 5%-GMF. WBC: white blood cell; GR#: neutrophilicgranulocyte count; LY#: lymphocyte count; MO#: monocytes count; RBC#: red blood cell count; MCV: mean corpuscular volume; HGB: hemoglobin; MCH: mean corpuscular hemoglobin; EO%: eosinophil ratio.

Table 3 Serum biochemistry parameters in rats treated with different doses of goat milk–based formula

			TP	ALB	GLB	AST	ALT	TRF	BUN	Cr	TG
Sex	Group	N	(g/L)	(g/L)	(g/L)	(U/L)	(U/L)	(mg/dl)	(mmol/L)	(µmmol/L)	(mmol/L)
Female
	Control	10	74.56±2.68	37.96±1.48	36.60±1.72	161.50±31.74	35.00±6.07	165.09±13.05	5.96±0.70	31.35±3.24	0.85±0.18
	20%-CMF	10	76.04±4.52	37.61±2.99	38.43±1.92	97.63±15.63^a	19.00±3.34^a	180.51±18.64	7.00±2.88	36.43±22.55	1.00±0.34
	5%-GMF	10	81.68±7.65	41.55±3.23^ab	40.13±4.63	149.00±36.93^b	21.25±3.01^a	166.99±19.33	7.41±2.15	29.25±9.89	1.36±0.67
	10%-GMF	10	82.04±5.87	40.80±2.63^ab	41.24±3.31	182.57±36.61^bc	27.43±3.78^abc	177.30±19.57	6.29±1.60	28.42±3.10	1.76±0.88
	20%-GMF	10	77.90±5.02	39.54±2.37	38.36±2.96	98.63±20.21^acd	20.25±2.49^ad	175.88±13.98	6.07±1.65	31.37±5.43	1.03±0.44
Male
	Control	10	73.14±3.54	35.86±1.10	37.28±2.89	193.88±26.47	47.38±8.53	205.66±34.31	6.09±0.63	21.47±2.96	1.37±0.48
	20%-CMF	10	73.61±4.09	36.45±1.59	37.16±2.99	140.62±22.10^a	29.25±5.12^a	204.16±42.43	6.93±1.60	20.46±4.56	1.44±0.70
	5%-GMF	10	76.24±2.96	36.85±1.08	39.39±2.34	207.88±28.17^b	38.63±7.67^ab	183.96±24.85	7.38±2.26	22.36±4.28	1.14±0.39
	10%-GMF	10	74.05±4.43	36.53±1.71	37.53±2.94	201.62±40.71^b	36.00±4.57^a	189.09±29.70	6.66±1.22	24.19±8.58	1.27±0.44
	20%-GMF	10	75.78±3.66	36.65±1.84	39.13±1.98	146.12±41.95^acd	40.13±7.08^b	189.75±25.29	6.74±1.68	19.05±4.62	1.21±0.43

Data are mean±SD values. ^aStatistical significance: p<0.05, compared with control; ^bstatistical significance: p<0.05, compared with 20%-CMF; ^cstatistical significance: p<0.05, compared with 5%-GMF; ^dstatistical significance: p<0.05, compared with 10%-GMF. ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; TP: total protein; ALB: albumin; UA: serum uric acid; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; CR: creatinine; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; GLU: glucose.

Table 4 Immunity parameters in rats treated with different doses of goat milk–based formula

			IFN	IL-2	TNF	SIgA	IgA	IgG	IgM
Sex	Group	N	(µg/ml)	(µg/L)	(ng/ml)	(mg/dl)	(mg/dl)	(mg/dl)	(mg/dl)
Female
	Control	10	59.51±28.09	46.87±14.30	35.23±7.72	0.31±0.14	0.45±0.18	62.37±15.00	18.56±3.74
	20%-CMF	10	99.13±10.79^a	30.56±4.86^a	22.64±3.13^a	0.38±0.30	0.56±0.12	54.17±12.14	26.86±19.36
	5%-GMF	10	81.75±11.32	36.74±6.06	26.58±4.31^a	0.29±0.14	0.52±0.15	55.74±4.85	26.84±8.71
	10%-GMF	10	92.17±23.17^a	33.87±10.04^a	23.07±7.53^a	0.21±0.12	0.55±0.11	59.53±9.35	25.61±6.04
	20%-GMF	10	82.79±6.11	38.15±3.32	24.36±2.22^a	0.42±0.07	0.43±0.18	56.65±8.10	25.98±10.34
Male
	Control	10	67.11±13.29	42.73±7.39	30.19±5.10	0.52±0.11	0.79±0.17	56.62±14.49	21.64±5.86
	20%-CMF	10	66.52±24.07	44.48±10.94	29.92±4.76	0.46±0.14	0.77±0.17	52.02±9.77	24.43±6.09
	5%-GMF	10	47.20±27.04	53.84±12.53	57.39±43.47	0.61±0.33	0.64±0.20	53.64±7.82	20.52±7.86
	10%-GMF	10	61.59±10.01	46.30±4.05	32.83±2.97	0.31±0.11	0.81±0.11	52.26±5.22	19.99±6.64
	20%-GMF	10	78.32±25.74	39.12±11.71	27.85±7.67	0.26±0.14	0.69±0.21	58.97±4.13	25.78±5.74

Data are mean±SD values. ^aStatistical significance: p<0.05, compared with control.