Anti-obesity effect of extract from fermented Curcuma longa L. through regulation of adipogenesis and lipolysis pathway in high-fat diet-induced obese rats

Figures & data

Table 1 Effect of 50% ethanol extract from fermented Curcuma longa L. (FCE50) on body weight gain and white adipose tissue weight in high-fat diet-induced obese rats

			High-fat diet-induced obese
		ND	HFD	GC	FCE50
Initial body weight (g)		223.8±7.2	225.3±4.5	225.7±6.1	225.2±3.4
Final body weight (g)		500±13.1^b	578.9±10.7^a	500.1±17.1^b	487.1±24^b
Body weight gain (g)		276.3±19.7^b	353.6±14.9^a	274.3±23.2^a	261.9±27.4^a
FER*		15.8±1.1^c	25.4±1.1^a	20.8±1.8^b	20.0±2.1^b
White adipose tissue weight (g)	Epididymal	9.4±0.5^b	16.6±0.9^a	9.6±1.3^b	11.0±1^b
	Perirenal	9.5±0.5^c	18.5±1.1^a	11.0±2.1^b	13.1±1.4^b

*FER (food efficiency rate)=weight gain (g)/total food consumption (g)×100.

The normal diet group (ND) comprised rats fed the AIN76 diet; the high-fat diet-induced obese group (HFD) comprised rats fed a 60% high-fat diet; the G. cambogia treated group (positive control) (GC) comprised rats fed a 60% high-fat diet with G. cambogia 500 g/kg b.w./day; the FCE50 treated group comprised rats fed a 60% high-fat diet with FCE50 500 g/kg b.w./day. All data are expressed as mean±standard deviation (n=6). Different letters show a significant difference at p<0.05 as determined by Duncan's multiple range test.

Table 2 Effect of 50% ethanol extract from fermented Curcuma longa L. (FCE50) on lipid profiles, AI and HTR in high-fat diet-induced obese rats

		High-fat diet-induced obese
	ND	HFD	GC	FCE50
Triglyceride (mg/mL)	70.11±3.77^b	83.22±4.23^a	48.50±7.34^c	46.84±8.62^c
Total cholesterol (mg/mL)	67.22±7.18^b	90.16±10.24^a	70.70±10.14^b	73.55±6.66^b
LDL/VLDL cholesterol (mg/mL)	48.00±5.65^b	67.09±6.80^a	46.35±14.34^b	51.76±3.12^b
HDL cholesterol (mg/mL)	31.61±3.16^a	23.29±4.32^b	33.03±5.58^a	37.34±6.64^a
AI*	1.15±0.37^b	3.02±1.09^a	1.19±0.67^b	1.01±0.35^b
HTR (%)^†	47.57±7.74^a	26.29±6.69^b	48.47±12.31^a	50.91±9.19^a

*AI (Atherogenic index)=(Total cholesterol – HDL cholesterol)/HDL cholesterol.

^†HTR (%)=HDL cholesterol/total cholesterol×100.

The normal diet group (ND) comprised rats fed the AIN76 diet; the high-fat diet-induced obese group (HFD) comprised rats fed a 60% high-fat diet; the G. cambogia treated group (positive control) (GC) comprised rats fed a 60% high-fat diet with G. cambogia 500 g/kg b.w./day; the FCE50 treated group comprised rats fed a 60% high-fat diet with FCE50 500 g/kg b.w./day. All data are expressed as mean±standard deviation (n=6). Different letters show a significant difference at p<0.05 as determined by Duncan's multiple range test.

Fig. 1 Effect of 50% ethanol extract from fermented Curcuma longa L. (FCE50) on mRNA expression of PPAR-γ and C/EBPα in white adipose tissue of high-fat diet-induced obese rats. The normal diet group (ND) comprised rats fed the AIN76 diet; the high-fat diet-induced obese group (HFD) comprised rats fed a 60% high-fat diet; the Garcinia cambogia treated group (positive control) (GC) comprised rats fed a 60% high-fat diet with Garcinia cambogia 500 g/kg b.w./day; the FCE50-treated group comprised rats fed a 60% high-fat diet with FCE50 500 g/kg b.w./day. All data are expressed as mean±standard deviation (n=6). Different letters show a significant difference at p<0.05 as determined by Duncan's multiple range test.

Fig. 2 Effect of 50% ethanol extract from fermented Curcuma longa L. (FCE50) on mRNA expression of (a) FAS and ACC and (b) aP2 and LPL in white adipose tissue of high-fat diet-induced obese rats. The normal diet group (ND) comprised rats fed the AIN76 diet; the high-fat diet-induced obese group (HFD) comprised rats fed a 60% high-fat diet; the Garcinia cambogia treated group (positive control) (GC) comprised rats fed a 60% high-fat diet with Garcinia cambogia 500 g/kg b.w./day; the FCE50-treated group comprised rats fed a 60% high-fat diet with FCE50 500 g/kg b.w./day. All data are expressed as mean±standard deviation (n=6). Different letters show a significant difference at p<0.05 as determined by Duncan's multiple range test.

Fig. 3 Effect of 50% ethanol extract from fermented Curcuma longa L. (FCE50) on mRNA expression of HSL and ATGL in white adipose tissue of high-fat diet-induced obese rats. The normal diet group (ND) comprised rats fed the AIN76 diet; the high-fat diet-induced obese group (HFD) comprised rats fed a 60% high-fat diet; the Garcinia cambogia treated group (positive control) (GC) comprised rats fed a 60% high-fat diet with Garcinia cambogia 500 g/kg b.w./day; the FCE50-treated group comprised rats fed a 60% high-fat diet with FCE50 500 g/kg b.w./day. All data are expressed as mean±standard deviation (n=6). Different letters show a significant difference at p<0.05 as determined by Duncan's multiple range test.

Fig. 4 Effect of 50% ethanol extract from fermented Curcuma longa L. (FCE50) on (a) mRNA expression of CPT1 and adiponectin and (b) phosphorylation of AMPK in white adipose tissue of high-fat diet-induced obese rats. The normal diet group (ND) comprised rats fed the AIN76 diet; the high-fat diet-induced obese group (HFD) comprised rats fed a 60% high-fat diet; the Garcinia cambogia treated group (positive control) (GC) comprised rats fed a 60% high-fat diet with Garcinia cambogia 500 g/kg b.w./day; the FCE50-treated group comprised rats fed a 60% high-fat diet with FCE50 500 g/kg b.w./day. All data are expressed as mean±standard deviation (n=6). Different letters show a significant difference at p<0.05 as determined by Duncan's multiple range test.

Fig. 5 Effect of 50% ethanol extract from fermented Curcuma longa L. (FCE50) on lipid metabolism. FCE50 suppressed lipogenesis with a decrease in the expressions of fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), adipocyte protein 2 (aP2), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and increased lipolysis and β-oxidation by up-regulating the expression of lipases such as adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), adiponectin, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation.