Animal source food intake and association with blood cholesterol, glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids in a northern Swedish population

Figures & data

Table I Body measures, food intake, nutrient intake and physical activity in men and women with a traditional lifestyle (TLS) or a lifestyle similar to that of industrialized region (NTLS)

	Men				Women				Men and women (TLS vs. NTLS)
	TLS (N=56)	NTLS (N=224)	Effect size^a	p^b	TLS (N=38)	NTLS (N=281)	Effect size^a	p^b	Effect size^a	p^b
a) Body measures; M(SD)
Age (years)	51.6 (15.9)	50.5 (20.0)	+0.06	0.12	56.8 (15.4)	48.0 (19.6)	+0.46	8.1E−3**	+0.24	4.5E−3**
Weight (kg)	74.7 (12.5)	81.0 (14.4)	−0.45	0.63	64.3 (10.6)	66.3 (13.1)	−0.15	0.70	−0.15	0.73
Height (cm)	165.8 (8.4)	172.5 (6.8)	−0.93	8.1E−2	152.4 (6.5)	159.2 (6.7)	−1.02	2.1E−3**	−0.49	0.11
BMI (kg/m^2)	27.0 (3.2)	27.2 (4.7)	−0.04	0.54	27.7 (4.2)	26.2 (5.0)	+0.29	6.2E−2	+0.13	0.42
b) Self-reported food intake; M(SD)
Meat, total (g/day)	226.4 (190.6)	144.1 (108.3)	+0.64	2.9E−3**	182.0 (91.0)	131.8 (85.0)	+0.59	2.2E−3**	+0.66	1.4E−4***
Meat, non-game (g/day)	36.2 (32.7)	83.4 (56.2)	−0.90	2.2E−7***	42.1 (35.2)	75.4 (68.0)	−0.51	4.8E−2*	−0.68	1.2E−4***
Meat, game (g/day)	190.2 (181.8)	60.7 (88.6)	+1.15	2.3E−5***	139.9 (93.0)	56.5 (62.9)	+1.25	8.2E−4***	+1.21	1.0E−7***
Fish (g/day)	18.3 (19.3)	24.3 (26.5)	−0.24	0.17	18.3 (20.9)	24.1 (26.5)	−0.22	0.12	−0.23	6.3E−5***
Milk products (g/day)	282.3 (269.1)	542.7 (443.2)	−0.63	2.6E−3**	360.2 (277.0)	403.0 (392.2)	−0.11	0.18	−0.38	4.8E−2*
Eggs (g/day)	4.2 (4.3)	5.7 (6.7)	−0.24	0.17	6.4 (8.2)	5.9 (8.7)	+0.07	0.32	−0.16	0.13
c) Self-reported nutrient intake; M(SD)
Fibre (g/day)	19.9 (15.0)	17.3 (8.4)	+0.26	0.23	22.8 (10.9)	23.6 (13.6)	−0.06	0.21	+0.03	0.12
Carbohydrates (g/day)	235.2 (211.9)	220.4 (97.3)	+0.12	0.20	242.0 (141.9)	252.4 (132.2)	−0.08	0.18	+0.00	0.27
Protein (g/day)	109.6 (82.1)	85.5 (37.9)	+0.49	0.11	96.5 (38.2)	87.1 (38.9)	+0.24	0.17	+0.40	1.5E−4***
Fat (g/day)	57.2 (30.5)	61.1 (24.9)	−0.15	0.12	51.3 (23.0)	55.4 (23.6)	−0.17	0.20	−0.13	2.6E−2*
Cholesterol (mg/day)	374.5 (262.7)	276.9 (141.7)	+0.57	2.18E−4***	283.9 (123.8)	251.2 (107.6)	+0.30	0.13	+0.52	6.2E−4***
Alcohol (g/day)	0.96 (1.53)	1.70 (2.49)	−0.32	0.15	0.22 (0.52)	0.90 (1.75)	−0.41	4.8E−3**	−0.30	3.8E−4***
Energy (kjoule/day)	8,169 (5,816)	7,653 (2,876)	+0.14	0.25	7,845 (3,513)	8,038 (3,450)	−0.06	0.28	+0.05	0.43
d) Self-reported physical activity; M(SD)
Work activity^c	3.21 (0.63)	2.96 (0.67)	+0.43	5.2E−2	2.82 (0.61)	2.94 (0.64)	−0.19	0.12	+0.15	7.3E−2
Freetime activity^c	2.43 (0.79)	2.76 (0.75)	−0.38	4.2E−2*	2.39 (0.96)	2.89 (0.82)	−0.60	7.3E−3**	−0.52	5.0E−3**

a Effect sizes (ES) are written out as untransformed, original values: ES=(M_TLS−M_MLS)/SD_pooled for clarity.

b p-values are based on the inverse-normally transformed residuals (see Methods).

c Frequency of physical activity: 1=“never” to 5=“very often”.

* p=(0.01; 0.05)=(1.0E−2; 5.0E−2), **p=(0.001; 0.01)=(1.0E−3; 1.0E−2), ***p=(0.00; 0.001)=(0.0; 1.0E−3).

Table II Levels of circulating lipids in men and women with a traditional lifestyle (TLS) and a lifestyle similar to that of industrialized region (NTLS)

	Men				Women				Men and women (TLS vs. NTLS)
Lipid category	TLS (N=56)	NTLS (N=224)	Effect size^a	p^b	TLS (N=38)	NTLS (N=281)	Effect size^a	p^b	Effect size^a	p^b
a) Classical lipids (mg/dl, blood serum); M(SD)
Total cholesterol (TC)	246 (44)	226 (49)	+0.41	0.12	246 (45)	230 (51)	+0.32	0.13	+0.36	7.8E−3**
LDL cholesterol (LDL)	154 (42)	138 (39)	+0.39	4.1E−2*	146 (39)	137 (42)	+0.22	0.27	+0.33	2.9E−2*
HDL cholesterol (HDL)	63 (17)	55 (12)	+0.59	1.2E−2*	69 (14)	67 (16)	+0.10	0.80	+0.22	7.1E−3**
Triglycerides (TG)	205 (96)	241 (169)	−0.23	0.67	188 (107)	173 (99)	+0.16	0.13	−0.03	0.40
b) Glycerophospholipids (µMol/l, blood plasma); M(SD)
Glycerophospholipids (GP), total	2,795 (491)	2,627 (517)	+0.33	6.4E−2	2,799 (501)	2,685 (525)	+0.22	0.17	+0.27	4.4E−2*
Phosphatidylcholines (PCs)	2,368 (428)	2,225 (463)	+0.32	3.6E−2*	2,429 (1,394)	2,312 (485)	+0.24	0.14	+0.25	5.2E−2
Lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs)	313 (64)	319 (74)	−0.09	0.28	275 (59)	293 (75)	−0.25	0.14	−0.10	0.22
Phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs)	27.5 (9.8)	21.0 (7.9)	+0.78	1.5E−3**	23.3 (7.0)	19.9 (7.0)	+0.48	0.19	+0.70	5.6E−8***
PE-based plasmalogens (PE-pls)	86.1 (33.8)	62.5 (25.0)	+0.88	3.1E−4***	72.3 (23.8)	60.2 (22.4)	+0.54	0.24	+0.78	4.0E−9***
c) Sphingolipids (µMol/l, blood plasma); M(SD)
Sphingolipids, total	565 (111)	499 (114)	+0.58	0.14	612 (121)	554 (117)	+0.49	5.0E−2*	+0.46	4.1E−5***
Sphingomyelins (SMs)	555 (110)	490 (113)	+0.58	2.2E−2*	601 (119)	545 (116)	+0.49	5.6E−2	+0.46	4.2E−5***
Ceramides (CERs)	10.3 (2.3)	9.5 (2.5)	+0.30	3.7E−2*	10.6 (2.7)	9.2 (2.4)	+0.58	2.0E−2*	+0.43	3.7E−3**

a Effect sizes (ES) are written out as untransformed, original values: ES=(M_TLS−M_MLS)/SD_pooled for clarity.

b p-values are based on the inverse-normally transformed residuals (see Methods).

* p=(0.01; 0.05)=(1.0E−2; 5.0E−2), **p=(0.001; 0.01)=(1.0E−3; 1.0E−2), ***p=(0.00; 0.001)=(0.0; 1.0E−3).