Effect of Binding Immunoglobulin Protein On Induction of Regulatory B Cells With Killer Phenotype During Inflammation and Disease

Figures & data

Figure 1.  Different B cell functional response to inflammation.

Stimulation of any of the B cell functions depend on the nature of the pathogenic material, whereas memory B cells are long lasting immunological memory cells that bear specific receptors from previous infection.

Figure 2.  Biological pathways involved in development of regulatory B cells by various extracellular antigens have not yet been characterized and need further investigations.

Figure 3.  Circulating CD19⁺ B cells have the potential to develop to regulatory B cells with different regulatory markers depending on their stage of development.

The regulatory trait has been identified within B1 cells, marginal zone B cells and transitional-2 marginal zone B cells.

Figure 4.  Unfolded protein response mediated by binding immunoglobulin protein.

Activation of the ER membrane transducers leads to a cascade of kinase phosphorylation that either favors apoptosis through upregulation of CHOP or JNK activation. Similarly, cell survival can be favored by blocking translation and degrading synthesized mRNA.

ER: Endoplasmic reticulum; UPR: Unfolded protein response.

Table 1. Defined regulatory B cell population frequencies in healthy human individuals expressing different surface markers and exhibiting diverse regulatory mechanisms.

Phenotype	Species	Percentage (%)	Mechanism of suppression	[Ref.]
CD24^hiCD27^+	Human, PBMC	0.6	IL-10	[63]
CD24^+CD38^+ CD24^hiCD38^- CD24^hiCD38^int CD24^hiCD38^hi	Human	3.92 3.71 12.6	IL-10	[59]
CD5^+CD1d^+IL10^+	Human, PBMC	0.24 ± 0.05	IL1-0	[64]
CD19^+IgM^+CD38^+ – FasL^+ – PD1^+	Human, PBMC	0.1–1.6	FasL	[25]
CD19^+IgM^-CD38^+ – FasL^+ – PD1^+	Human, PBMC	0.1–1.5	FasL	[25]
CD19^+PDL1^hi CD19^+CD138^+CD27^+	Human, spleen Human, PBMC	5.2 2.99	PDL1 Il-10	[18] [24]

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