Non-conventional therapeutics for oral infections

Figures & data

Table 1. Example photosensitisers used in recent studies

Sensitizer	Reference
Phenalen 1	^29
Indocyanine green	^30
Methylene blue	^31,32
Toluidine blue ortho	^33
Malachite green	^34
Eosin-Y	^35,36
Rose bengal	^35,36
Curcumin	^36
Nile blue derivatives	^37
BIODIPY derivatives	^38
Dicationic 5,15-diarylporphyrins	^39
Haematoporphyrin monomethyl ether	^40
Meso-substituted porphyrins	^27
Radachlorin	^41

Table 2. Selected examples of bacterial proteases, their preferred cleavage sites and example inhibitors

Enzyme	Source	Cleavage site	Inhibitor
Serine and Cysteine proteases
Glutamyl endopeptidase I	Staphylococcus aureus	Glu-Phe or Glu-Val	None
Exfoliative toxin A	S. aureus	Glu-X
IgA1-specific protease	Haemophilus influenzae Neisseria meningitidis	Pro-Ser, Pro-Thr	None specific
C5a peptidase	Streptococcus agalactiae Streptococcus pyogenes	His-Lys	None specific
Trepolisin	Treponema denticola	Phe-X	None specific
Prolyl tripeptidyl-peptidase	P. gingivalis	X-Y-Pro-X	None specific
Omptin	E. coli Yersinia pestis	Arg-Arg, Arg-Lys	thiol-blocking agents
Clostripain C11	Clostridium histolyticum	Arg-X, Lys-X	oxidizing agents, thiol-blocking agents, heavy metal ions
Gingipain R
Gingipain K	P. gingivalis	Arg-X Lys-X	thiol-blocking agents 1-(3-phenylpropionyl) piperidine-carboxylic acid-[4-amino-1(S)-(benzothiazole-2-carbonyl)butyl] amide,
Sortase	ubiquitous in Gram-positive bacteria	Leu-Pro-X-Thr-Gly	methanethiosulfonates or organo-mercurials
Clp peptidases	Ubiquitous	Met-Ala	ATP-dependent
Metalloproteinase
Pseudolysin	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Phe-X or Gly-Leu	EDTA, EGTA, phenanthroline
Vibrio collagenase	Vibrio parahaemolyticus	X-Gly
Clostridium collagenases	Clostridium perfringens	X-Gly	sulfonylated amino acid hydroxamates
Aeruginolysin	Ps. aeruginosa	Leu-Gly or Gly-Gly
Mirabilysin	Proteus mirabilis	Leu-Gly (in IgA)
Fragilysin	Bacteroides fragilis	Leu-Gly Gly-Leu	EDTA, DTPA
Sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase	H. influenzae	Arg-Asp

Table 3. Functional classes of antimicrobial peptides and proteins (with examples) found in the oral cavity

Cationic peptides	Bacterial agglutination and adhesion	Metal ion chelators	Peroxidases	Protease inhibitors	Activity against bacterial cell walls
Adrenomedullin	β-2-microglobulin	Calgranulins A & B	Lactoperoxidase	Cystatins	Lysozyme
β defensins 1-3	Fibronectin	Lactoferrin	Myeloperoxidase	Secretory leukoprotease inhibitor protein	Peptidoglycan recognition proteins
Cathelicidin (LL-37)	Proline-rich proteins	Psoriasin
Histatins 1 and 3		Transferrin
Neutrophil (α) defensins 1-4

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