Recombinant organisms for production of industrial products

Figures & data

Table 1 Novel genetic technologies successfully applied to improvement of primary metabolite production

Genetic technologies	Metabolites
Genome-based strain reconstruction	Amino acids, vitamins, organic acids, alcohols, carotenoids.
Metabolic engineering including reverse (inverse) metabolic engineering	Amino acids, vitamins, organic acids, ethanol, 1,3-propanediol, carotenoids, 5′-inosinic acid.
Genome-wide transcript expression analysis	Riboflavin
Molecular breeding (whole genome shuffling)	Lactic acid, ethanol

Table 2 Top titers of amino acid fermentations

Amino Acid	Titer (g l^−1)
L-alanine	114
L-arginine	96
L-glutamic acid	130
L-glutamine	49
L-histidine	42
L-hydroxyproline	41
L-isoleucine	40
L-leucine	34
L-lysine HCl	170
L-phenylalanine	51
L-proline	100
L-serine	65
L-threonine	100
L-tryptophan	60
L-tyrosine	55
L-valine	105

Table 3 Genetic techniques used to increase secondary metabolite production

Genetic techniques	Metabolites
Protoplast fusion	Penicillin G, cephalosporin C, cephamycin C, clavulanic acid, indolizomycin, rifamycins
Metabolic engineering	Antibiotics (penicillin G, cephalosporin C, cephamycin C, clavulanic acid, semisynthetic cephalosporins), antitumor agents (anthracyclines, glycopeptolides, anthracenones), avermectins, xanthan gum, artemisinin
Transposition	Daptomycin, tylosin
Association analysis	Lovastatin
Combinatorial biosynthesis	Erythromycins, tetracenomycins, tylosin, spiramycins, surfactins
Whole genome shuffling	Epothilones, spinosad
Genome mining	Echinosporamicin-type antibiotics, antifungal compounds (ECO-02301) and others

Table 4 Top levels of recombinant proteins made by different biological systems*

System	Protein (g/L)
Bacteria	14
Yeasts	30
Mammalian cells	27
Insect cells	11