PBDE flame retardants

Figures & data

Figure 1. Structural comparison of PBDEs, PBBs, PCBs, and thyroxine hormone

Table 1. PBDE toxicokinetics measured in teleost fish species

Species	Treatment	Route	Dose/Duration	Effects Observed	Ref
Common carp (Juv.; C. carpio)	BDE-99	GI, liver microsomes	12–29 pmol/mg protein; 60 min incub	Reductive debromination: BDE-99 to BDE-47           Metabolism in liver > intestine No debromination by GI microflora	^74
Atlantic salmon (Juv; S. salar)	PentaBDE; OctaBDE	Diet	10, 50 mg/kg bw; 7 d	No significant hepatic CYP1A induction or protein expression	^75
Chinook salmon (Adu.; O. tshawytscha)	BDE-99	Liver microsomes, cytosol	0.03 - 1.8 µM; 16 h incub	Reductive debromination: BDE-99 to BDE-49 negative GST/CDNB assay	^76
Northern Pike (E. Lucius)	PCBs, PCNs, BDE-47, -99, -153	Diet	90 ng/µl lipid (10 µl injected into rainbow trout); 9 d	Uptake efficiencies: BDE-47 = ~90%; BDE-99 = ~60%; BDE-153 = ~40%	^51
Northern Pike	^14C-BDE-47	Diet	16.2 µg/µl; 9, 18, 36, 65 d	^14C-BDE-47 uptake > 90% Disposition: Highest in liver, adipose tissue, spinal cord-surrounding tissue, eyes, gall bladder; Lowest in muscle, spleen, gills	^52
Crucian carp (C. auratus)	BDE-15	Aqueous	0, 10, 100 µg/l; 50 d	BDE-15 accumulation in gill, liver 2 mono-brominated, 3 hydroxy metabolites	^77
Zebrafish (Larv.)	BDE-209	Spiked sediment	12.5 mg/kg; 4 – 192 hpf	BDE-209 bioaccumulation	^6
Rainbow trout (Juv.; O. mykiss)	DecaBDE (Dow FR- 300BA)	Diet	7.5 - 10 mg/kg bw/day; 16, 49, 120 d; 71 d depuration	Reductive debromination: hexa- to nonaBDE formation (liver, muscle); BDE-154 dominant           BDE-209 uptake: 0.02–0.13% BDE-209 accumulation: 870 ± 219 ng/g ww (liver); 38 ± 14 ng/g ww (muscle)	^59
Zebrafish (Juv.; D. rerio)	PentaBDE (DE-71)	Aqueous	0, 0.1, 1 mg/l; 4 wk	AhR-mediated effects linked to PBDD/F impurities; Weak induction CYP1A; no DR-CALUX response (purified DE-71)	^78
Lake whitefish (Juv.; C. clupeaformis)	BDE-209	Diet	0, 0.1, 1, 2 µg/g; 30 d	Accumulation: BDE-209 + nonaBDEs (BDE-206, -207, -208) in liver	^79
Zebrafish (Adu.)	BDE-28, -183, -209 (mix)	Diet	1 and 100 nmol/g ww food at 2% bw/day; 42 d with 14 d dep	Reductive debromination (high dose); 12 nmol of BDE-154/g ww fish; 3 nmol of BDE-149/g ww fish; < 2 nmol of BDE-153 g ww fish; Uptake: BDE-28 (100%) > BDE-183 (10%) > BDE-209 (< 1%)	^57
Common sole (Juv.; S. solea L.)	BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -209 (mix)	Diet	82 - 184 ng/g ww food at 0.8% bw/day; 84 d, 149 d dep	Uptake efficiency: BDE-28 = 16%; BDE-47 = 15%; BDE-99 = 13%; BDE-100 = 14%; BDE-153 = 10%; BDE-209 = 1.4%. Reductive debromination: BDE-49; BDE-154; BDE-183; BDE-202; unk tetra-, penta-, hexaBDEs	^56
Common sole (Juv.)	BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -209 (mix)	Diet	82 - 184 ng/g ww food at 0.8% bw/day; 84 d, 149 d dep	Oxidative metabolism: 6-OH-BDE-47; 4’-OH-BDE-49; 4’-OH-BDE-101; 4’-OH-BDE-103 No MeO metabolites detected	^80
Common carp (Adu.)	BDE-99	Liver microsomes, cytosol	354 pmol; 1 - 250 µM; 90 min incub.	Reductive debromination (BDE-99 to BDE-47) more prevalent in liver microsomes than cytosol THs (rT3, T4) and iodoacetate inhibited debromination; role for deiodinase enzymes in reductive metabolism	^81
Fathead minnow (Juv., P. promelas)	BDE-209	Diet	10 µg/g food at 5% bw/day; 28 d	BDE-209 bioaccumulation           BDE-209 uptake efficiency = 5.8%           Reductive debromination to penta-octaBDEs           BDE-154 dominant metabolite BDE-101 lowest MW metabolite	^61
Fathead minnow (Adu.)	BDE-209	Diet	95 ng/g ww food and 10 µg/g ww food at 3% bw/day; 28 d with 14 d dep	BDE-209 bioaccumulation           Reductive debromination to penta – octaBDEs           BDE-154 dominant metabolite BDE-101 lowest MW metabolite	^62
Atlantic cod (Juv., G. morhua)	BDE-47	Aqueous	5 µg/l; 21 d	Liver: ↓ mRNA transcripts encoding CYP1A, CYP2C33-like, CYP3C1-like, UDPGT No effects on antioxidant genes (GSH-Px, GR)	^82
Rainbow trout           Common carp Chinook salmon (O. tschwatcha) (Juv.)	BDE-28, -47, -49, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183, -203, -208, -209	Liver microsomes	1 µM; 24 h (hepta to BDE-209); 1 h (tri- to hexaBDEs)	Reductive debromination of BDE-99, -153, -183, -203, -208, -209           Carp: meta-position debrom dominated           Salmonids: meta- and para-position debrom No metabolism of PBDEs lacking meta-substituted Br (BDE-28, -47, -100)	^83
Rainbow trout Common carp (Juv.)	BDE-209	Diet, in vitro	940 ng/g ww food, 1% bw/day; 5 mo; 15 pmol/mg protein; 1, 24 h (microsomes)	Reductive debromination (trout): Formation BDE-207, -208, -188, -201, -202, unk. octa-heptaBDEs           BDE-209 uptake (trout): 3.2%; liver > serum > intestine > carcass (lipid-normalized) In vitro: Formation of octa – nonaBDEs (trout), hexa - octaBDEs (carp)	^60
Common carp (Juv.)	BDE-209	Diet	940 ng/day-fish; 60 d w/40 d dep	Reductive debromination: Formation of BDE-154, BDE-155, unknown hexa- to octaBDEs No BDE-209 bioaccumulation	^25
Common carp (Juv.)	BDE-99, BDE-183	Diet	400 ng/day-fish (BDE-99); 100 ng/day-fish (BDE-183); 62 d w/37 d dep	Reductive debromination (GI tract):           BDE-99 → BDE-47           BDE-183 → BDE-154, unk hexaBDE Uptake: BDE-99 = 9.5%; BDE-183 = 17%	^58
Common carp (Juv.)	BDE-28, -47, -99, -153 (mix)	Diet	470 ng/day-fish; 60 d w/40 d dep	BDE-47 accumulation, high assimilation No BDE-99 bioaccumulation; No hydroxy metabolites detected	^84
Japanese medaka (Adu.; O. latipes)	6-OH-BDE-47, 6-MeO-BDE-47, BDE-47	Maternal	21, 8, 0.9 µg/g dw food at 2% bw/day; 14 d	No OH-, MeO-BDEs in BDE-47 treated fish;           In vivo and in vitro conversion of 6-OH-BDE-47 to 6-MeO-BDE-47 (and vice-versa) Maternal transfer to eggs	^85
Common carp (Juv.)	Penta and DecaBDE mixtures	Diet	100, 120, 150 µg/day/fish; 20 d	Reductive debromination facilitated by at least one meta- or para- doubly flanked Br 11 OH-BDEs measured in serum of pentaBDE exposed fish; No OH-BDEs in decaBDE exposed fish	^86
Chinese sturgeon (Adu; A. sinensis)	BDE-209	Field collected	Liver microsomes; PBPK modeling	Reductive debromination; Formation of BDE-126, -154, -188, -202, -204, -197; Low partition coefficients from blood to tissues lead to higher bioaccumulation of hepta to BDE-209 in absorbing tissues	^63

dep = depuration; EROD = ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase; dpf = days post fertilization; dph = days post hatch; dio = deiodinase; DR-CALUX = chemical-activated luciferase gene expression mediated by Ah-receptor activation; GI = gastrointestinal; HDT = highest dose tested; hpf = hours post fertilization; PBPK = physiologically based pharmacokinetic; UDPGT = uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl phosphate.

Figure 2. Outer-ring deiodination of thyroxine (A) catalyzed by Dio 1 and 2 enzymes resulting in meta-cleavage of iodine from T4. Reductive metabolites and meta-position debromination measured in common carp (C. carpio) exposed orally to (B) BDE-99, (C) BDE-183, and (D) BDE-209.^25,58,60

Table 2. Whole-body elimination half-lives (t_1/2) of environmentally relevant PBDEs measured and estimated in humans, laboratory rodents, and teleost fish species

PBDE Congener	Teleost Fish half-life (days)	Humans half-life	Rodents half-life (days)
BDE-47	18–42 (Common carp)^84 173–519 (Lake trout)^89 12 (Japanese medaka)^108	1.5–2.5 y^109	25c (mouse)^55 19–30e (rat, tetraBDE)^110
BDE-99	173–519 (Lake trout)^89	1.8–3.4 y^109	6d (rat)^91
BDE-100	46–80 (Lake trout)^89	1.3–1.8 y^109	42–52e (rat, pentaBDE)^110
BDE-153	4–23 (Common carp)^84 154–308 (Lake trout)^89	3.6–12.4 y^109	50–105e (rat, hexaBDE)^110
BDE-154	17–53 (Common carp)^84 70–208 (Lake trout)^89	2.3–4.3 y^109	Unknown
BDE-183	173–519 (Lake trout)^89 10–15 (Zebrafish)^57	94 d^111	Unknown
BDE-209	21–34 (Lake trout)^89 6.5 (Zebrafish)^57	15 d^111	2.5, 8.6 (rat)^112^,^113

Figure 3. Overview of TH regulation and signaling in teleost fishes. TRH = thyrotropin releasing hormone; TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone; T4 = thyroxine; T3 = 3,3′,5-triiodothyronine; rT3 = 3,3′,5′-reverse T3; T2 = 3,3′-diiodothyronine; UGT = uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase; SULT = sulfotransferase; TH-G = glucuronidated thyroid hormone; TH-S = sulfated thyroid hormone; Mrp = multidrug resistance associated protein; Mdr1 = multidrug resistance protein 1 or P-glycoproteins; MCT = monocarboxylate transporter; OATP = organic anion transport polypeptide; TR = thyroid hormone receptor; RXR = retinoic x receptor.

Figure 4. Pathways of outer and inner ring deiodination of thyroid hormones in extrathyroidal peripheral tissues of vertebrates.

Table 3. PBDE effects on thyroid endocrine systems of teleost fish

Species	Treatment	Route	Dose/Duration	Effects Observed	Ref
Zebrafish (Larv.)	BDE-209	Aqueous	0, 0.08, 0.38, 1.92 mg/l; 14 dpf	↑ mRNA transcripts for CRH, TSHβ, Pax8, Nkx2.1, NIS, Tg, dio1, dio2, trα, trβ ↓ TTR mRNA transcripts; ↑ T3 (0.38, 1.92 mg/l), ↓T4 (1.92 mg/l)	^106
Zebrafish (Juv.)	BDE-47	Diet	100 ng/g; 0.5–1 mg food/fish-d; 20–60 dpf	No change in TTR, dio1, TSHβ mRNA transcripts	^95
Zebrafish (Larv.)	6-OH-BDE-47	Aqueous/WISH	1, 10, 100 nM; 4 – 22 hpf	↑ dio1 mRNA in brain periventricular zone; ↑ dio 3 in pronephric duct	^153
Rainbow trout (O. mykiss Juv.)	BDE-209	IP Injection	50 – 1000 ng/g bw/day; 21 d	↑ TT4 (1000 ng/g bw); ↓ FT3 (all doses); ↓ FT4 (100, 200, 500 ng/g bw)	^93
European flounder (P. flesus Adu.); Zebrafish (Juv.)	PentaBDE (DE-71 purified of PBDD/Fs)	Spiked sediments, Diet	0+0.014 -700+14000 µg/g TOC + µg/g lipid; 101 d (flounder) 0–500 µg/l; 30 d (zebrafish)	↓ plasma TT4 (flounder)           ↑ plasma TH, ↓ larval survival; (zebrafish)	^96
Fathead minnow (Adu. breeding pairs)	BDE-47	Diet	2.4 µg/pair/ day; 12.3 µg/pair/day; 21 d	↓ TT4 (no change in TT3); ↑ mRNA transcripts for TSHβ (low dose), trα (female brains); ↓ trβ mRNA transcripts (both sexes, brains)	^154
Chinese rare minnow (G. rarus; Adu., Larv.)	BDE-209	Aqueous	0 – 10 µg/l; 21 d	↑ dio2, NIS mRNA transcripts (larvae) ↓trα, dio2, NIS mRNA transcripts (adults)	^155
Gilthead sea bream (S. aurata; Adu.)	PBDEs, 6-OH-BDE47	In vitro	0–10 µM; 2 h	BDE-28, 49, -47, -99 potent inhibitors of ^125I-T3 binding to TTR; IC50s < < T3, T4 6-OH-BDE-47 moderate inhibitor; IC50s > T3,T4	^156
Fathead minnow (Juv.)	BDE-209	Diet	10 µg/g food at 5% bw/day; 28 d with 14 d dep	↓ Dio activity (T4-ORD and T4-IRD) by 74%           Thyroid histology: Over-stimulation, injury (thickened follicular epithelium, irregular follicle outlines, colloid depletions, ↑ inflammatory cells) Liver alterations: vacuolated hepatocytes	^61
Fathead minnow (Adu. males)	BDE-209	Diet	95 ng/g ww food and 10 µg/g ww food at 3% bw/day; 28 d with 14 d dep	↓ TT4 (53%) and TT3 (46%) at low dose           ↓ TT4 (59%) and TT3 (62%) at high dose           ↓ brain Dio activity ~65% ↑ mRNA transcripts for dio1, dio2, trα, trβ (↓ in liver), mct8, oatp1c1, oatp2a1(↓ in liver) in brain and liver	^62
Lake trout (S. namaycush; Juv.)	13 PBDE congener mix	Diet	0, 2.5, 25 ng/g dw food at 1.5% bw/day; 56 d; 112 d depuration	↓ FT4 (low, high dose); ↓FT3 (low dose only)	^89
Zebrafish (Larv.)	PentaBDE (DE-71)	Aqueous	1, 3, 10 µg/l; 14 d	↓ whole fish T4 (T3 not measured) ↑ mRNA transcripts for CRH, TSHβ, NIS, Tg, Pax8, Nkx2.1, dio1, dio2; ↓TTR mRNA transcripts	^157
Zebrafish (Adu., offspring)	PentaBDE (DE-71)	Aqueous	1, 3, 10 µg/l (parents and offspring) + (parent alone); 5 min to sexual maturation (parents), 5 and 10 dph (offspring)	↑ plasma TT4 (no ∆ TT3) (parents, ELISA);           ↓ mRNA transcripts for CRH, TSHβ (parent brain) ↑ whole fish T4, T3; altered HPT axis mRNA transcripts (offspring w/w/o DE-71 exposure)	^158

BTEB = basic transcription element-binding protein; CRBP = cellular retinal binding protein; CRH = corticotrophin releasing hormone; CSF = cerebral spinal fluid; dep = depuration; dpf = days post fertilization; dph = days post hatch; dio = iodothyronine deiodinase; FT3 = free triiodothyronine; FT4 = free thyroxine; HDT = highest dose tested; hpf = hours post fertilization; HPT = hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid; MBP = myelin basic protein; PBDD/f = polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans; NIS = sodium/iodide symporter; Tg = thyroglobulin; TH = thyroid hormone; TOC = total organic carbon; TR = thyroid receptor; TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone; TT4 = Total thyroxine; TTR = transthyretin; WISH = whole mount in situ hybridization.

Table 4. Relative expression of genes encoding deiodinase (dio) enzymes, nuclear thyroid receptors (tr), monocarboxylate transporters (mct), and organic anion transporter polypeptides (oatp) in brains and livers of adult male fathead minnows exposed orally to BDE-209 and the positive control 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) for 28 d with a 14-d depuration.⁶²*

Gene target	Treatment	Day 14		Day 28		Day 42
		Brain	Liver	Brain	Liver	Brain	Liver
dio1	BDE-209 Low Dose	—	—	↑	—	—	↑
	BDE-209 High Dose	—	—	↑	—	—	—
	PTU Pos Ctrl	—	—	—	—	—	—
dio2	BDE-209 Low Dose	↑	↑↑	—	—	—	↑
	BDE-209 High Dose	↑↑	↑	—	—	—	—
	PTU Pos Ctrl	—	—	—	—	—	—
trα	BDE-209 Low Dose	—	—	—	—	↑	—
	BDE-209 High Dose	↑↑↑	—	↑↑	—	—	—
	PTU Pos Ctrl	—	—	—	—	—	—
trβ	BDE-209 Low Dose	—	↑	—	—	—	—
	BDE-209 High Dose	—	—	—	↓	—	—
	PTU Pos Ctrl	—	↑	—	—	—	—
mct8	BDE-209 Low Dose	↑	↑	—	—	↑↑	—
	BDE-209 High Dose	↑↑↑	—	—	—	—	—
	PTU Pos Ctrl	↑	—	—	—	—	—
oatp1c1	BDE-209 Low Dose	—	↑	—	—	—	—
	BDE-209 High Dose	—	↑	—	—	—	—
	PTU Pos Ctrl	—	↑	—	—	—	—
oatp2a1	BDE-209 Low Dose	—	—	—	—	—	—
	BDE-209 High Dose	↑↑	↓	—	—	—	—
	PTU Pos Ctrl	—	—	—	—	—	—

* Relative mRNA transcript abundances of genes not affected by BDE-209 or PTU: dio3, mct10, oatp1f1, oatp1f2, oatp2b1,oatp3a1, oatp4a, and oatp5a1. Statistical significance evaluated within sampling day with a one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test; one arrow = P < 0.05; two arrows = P < 0.01; three arrows = P < 0.005.

Table 5. PBDE neurodevelopmental/developmental malformations measured in teleost fish

Species	Treatment	Route	Dose/Duration	Effects Observed	Ref
Zebrafish (Larv.)	BDE-47	Aqueous	0, 1.25, 5, 20 µM; 6–96 hpf	Impaired motor behavior           ↓ touch-response, swimming speed Inhibited axon growth	^200
Zebrafish (Larv.)	PentaBDE (DE-71)	Aqueous	0, 31, 68.7, 227.6 µg/l; 2–120 hpf	Altered behavior (light-dark stimulation) ↑AChE activity, ↑Ach; ↓ mRNA transcripts for MBP, a1-tubulin, Shh	^197
Zebrafish (Larv.)	PentaBDE (DE-71)	Parental	0.16, 0.8, 4.0 µg/l; 150 d	No effect on F1 hatching success, survival, or malformations; decreased locomotor activity (light-dark stimulation) ↓AChE activity, ↓ mRNA transcripts for MBP, GAP-43, GFAP, α1-tubulin, SYN2a; ↓ protein levels of α1-tubulin, SYN2a	^198
Zebrafish (Adu. females)	PentaBDE (DE-71)	Aqueous	0.45 µg/l, 9.6 µg/l; 60 d	↓ retinyl ester protein; ↓ CRBP mRNA transcripts (GI); ↑ retinoids (eyes, ovaries, eggs); ↑ CRBP mRNA transcripts (liver, eyes); ↓ retinal dehydrogenase, ↑ CYP26A (eyes)	^220
Zebrafish (Larv.)	BDE-209	Spiked sediment	12.5 mg/kg; 4 – 192 hpf	Impaired motor behavior (light/dark stimulation) In silico profiling: BDE-209 binding to neurologically active cocaine esterase, AChE, 5HTR2A, 5HTR2C, 5HTR3A, and tubulin α1A	^6
Zebrafish (Adu., offspring)	BDE-209	Aqueous	0.001 – 1 µM; 150 dph (Adu); bred at 120 dph	Parent: ↑ mortality (~44% high dose); Neg ctrl mortality ~38%; PBDE bioaccumulation (congeners not specified) Offspring: Delayed hatching, motor neuron development, loose muscle fibers, slow locomotion; hyperactivity (light-dark test)	^205
Zebrafish (Larv.)	BDE-47	Aqueous	100 – 5000 µg/l; 3–168 hpf	Delayed hatching, reduced growth, dorsal curvature, impaired CSF flow Cardiac toxicity at 96 hpf (tachycardia, arrhythmias)	^202
Zebrafish (Larv)	BDE-49	Aqueous	4 – 32 µM; 5 and 24 hpf	Dorsal curvatures, cardiac toxicity (reduced heart rate); neurobehavioral effects (impaired touch-escape responses)	^204
Mummichog (Larv., Juv.)	PentaBDE (DE-71)	Aqueous	0.001 – 100 µg/l; 0–7 hpf	Delayed hatching; No major deformities but tail curve asymmetry; ↓ activity; impaired fright response (Larv) Impaired learning (Juv.)	^98
Zebrafish (Larv.)	BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -183	Aqueous	0.635 – 10 mg/l; up to 168 hpf	Swimming rate ↑ (96–120 hpf), ↓ (168 hpf)           ↓ swimming rates (BDE-47; 168 hpf)           Developmental deformities (dorsal curvature at 120 hpf) w/mortality (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100) No effects w/BDE-153, -183	^199

α1-tubulin = neuron microtubulin protein; ACh = acetylcholine; AChE = acetylcholinesterase; BTEB = basic transcription element-binding protein; CRBP = cellular retinal binding protein; CSF = cerebral spinal fluid; dep = depuration; dpf = days post fertilization; dph = days post hatch; dio = iodothyronine deiodinase; GAP-43 = growth associated protein 43; GFAP = glial fibrillary acidic protein; HDT = highest dose tested; hpf = hours post fertilization; MBP = myelin basic protein; Shh = Sonic hedgehog; SYN2a = synapsin IIa

Table 6. PBDE reproductive alterations measured in teleost fish

Species	Treatment	Route	Dose/Duration	Effects Observed	Ref
Atlantic salmon (S. salar; Juv.)	PentaBDE, OctaBDE mixtures	Diet	10 mg/kg bw (d 1), 50 mg/ kg bw (d 4); 7 d, 14 d	No effects on protein expression/activity of Vtg, zona radiata, CYP1A	^75
Zebrafish (Juv.)	BDE-47	Diet	100 ng/g; 0.5–1 mg food/fish-d; 20–60 dph	No significant change in Vtg mRNA	^95
Zebrafish (Adu.)	PentaBDE (DE-71)	Aqueous	2, 300, 500 ng/l (measured); 120 dpf	Gene Expression: Males: ↑ GnRH, ERβ (brain); ↑ FSHβ, LHβ (pituitary); ↑ FSH-R, LH-R, CYP19a and ↓ CYP11a, 3β-HSD (testis); ↓ ERα, AR, Vtg (liver) / Females: ↑ GnRH and ↓ ERβ (brain); ↑ FSHβ, LHβ and ↓ GnRH-R (pituitary); ↑ 3β-HSD (ovary); ↑ ERα, AR (liver) / Sex hormones: ↓ E2 (males (high dose only) and females); ↑ T, 11-KT; ↑ T/E2 and 11-KT/E2 (males)	^223
Zebrafish (Adu.)	PentaBDE mixture (DE-71)	Aqueous	2, 300, 500 ng/l (measured); 120 dpf	Reduced spawning, fertilization, hatching, larval survival; ↑ GSI Increased malformations and percentages of male offspring	^224
Zebrafish (Adu., offspring)	BDE-209	Aqueous	0.001 – 1 µM; 150 dph (Adu); bred at 120 dph	↓ male/female GSI; ↓sperm count, motility Offspring: Delayed hatching, motor neuron development, loose muscle fibers, slow locomotion; hyperactivity (light-dark test)	^205
European flounder (P. flesus; Adu.); Zebrafish (Juv.)	PentaBDE (DE-71 purified of PBDD/Fs)	Spiked sediments, Diet	0+0.014 -700+14000 µg/g TOC + µg/g lipid; 101 d (flounder) 0–500 µg/l; 30 d (zebrafish)	↓ ovarian aromatase (CYP19) activity (flounder); ↓ fecundity (zebrafish)	^96
Fathead minnow (Adu. Breeding pairs)	BDE-47	Diet	2.4 µg/pair/ day; 12.3 µg/pair/day; 21 d	↓ mature spermatozoa	^154
Chinese rare minnow (G. rarus; Adu., Larv.)	BDE-209	Aqueous	0 – 10 µg/l; 21 d	↓ spermatogenesis	^155
Fathead minnow (Adu. Breeding pairs)	BDE-47	Diet	28.7 ± 1.6 µg/pair (bioencapsulated artemia); 25 d	Spawning ceased by 2-wks of exposure           Reduced fecundity           > 50% reduction in sperm counts No change in GSI, LSI; reduced condition, males	^108
Fathead minnow (Adu. males)	BDE-209	Diet	95 ng/g ww food and 10 µg/g ww food at 3% bw/day; 28 d with 14 d dep	↓ GSI at both low and high dose that extended into 14-d dep PTU positive control did not affect GSI	^62
Zebrafish (embryos)	BDE-28, BDE-183, BDE-209	Diet, Maternal	10 and 100 nmol/g food at 2% bw/day; 42 d	All three PBDEs transferred to eggs (BDE-28 > BDE-183 > BDE-209) Egg/maternal fish concentration ratios significant > 1.0 for BDE-183, BDE-209	^221
Rainbow trout (Adu. Males)	BDE-47	Diet	55 µg/kg-day; 17 d	No effects on embryonic survival at first cleavage (0.5 dph) or during eye development (19 dph)	^225
Atlantic salmon (Juv. males)	BDE-47, -153, -154 (alone and mixture)	Hepatocytes	0.01 – 100 µM; 48 h	Disturbed glucose homeostasis (PBDE mix, BDE-153); Altered cell proliferation processes (PBDE mix) Estrogenic responses (↑ Vtg; ZP3 mRNA) in males (BDE-47, PBDE mix)	^226
Marine medaka (O. melastigma; embryos)	BDE-47	Diet, Maternal	Breeding pairs: 1.3 ± 0.2 µg/day; 18 d	Maternal transfer of BDE-47           ↑ BDE-47 to 25 ng/egg (day 18) Maternal concentrations BDE-47 < males	^222
Zebrafish (Adu., offspring)	PentaBDE (DE-71)	Parental, Aqueous	1, 3, 10 µg/l (parents and offspring) + (parent alone); 5 min to sexual maturation (parents), 5 and 10 dph (offspring)	↓ hatching rate           ↑ malformation rates to offspring exposed parentally; DE-71 exposures by parental transfer plus directly to offspring worsened malformations	^158

11-KT = 11-keto-testosterone; 3β-HSD = 3-β-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase; CRH = corticotrophin releasing hormone; CSF = cerebral spinal fluid; dep = depuration; dpf = days post fertilization; dph = days post hatch; E2 = estradiol; ER = estrogen receptor; FSH = follicle stimulating hormone; FSH-R = follicle stimulating hormone receptor; GSI = gonado-somatic index; GnRH = gonadotropin releasing hormone; HDT = highest dose tested; hpf = hours post fertilization; LH = luteinizing hormone; LH-R = luteinizing hormone receptor; PTU = 6-propyl-2-thiouricil; t = testosterone; TOC = total organic carbon; Vtg = vitellogenin; ZP3 = zona pellucida 3

Benedict RT, Stapleton HM, Letcher RJ, Mitchelmore CL. Debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ether-99 (BDE-99) in carp (Cyprinus carpio) microflora and microsomes. Chemosphere 2007; 69:987 - 93; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.05.010; PMID: 17640709

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Boon JP, van Zanden JJ, Lewis WE, Zegers BN, Goksøyr A, Arukwe A. The expression of CYP1A, vitellogenin and zona radiata proteins in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after oral dosing with two commercial PBDE flame retardant mixtures: absence of short-term responses. Mar Environ Res 2002; 54:719 - 24; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-1136(02)00127-7; PMID: 12408642

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Browne EP, Stapleton HM, Kelly SM, Tilton SC, Gallagher EP. In vitro hepatic metabolism of 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 99) in Chinook salmon (Onchorhynchus tshawytscha). Aquat Toxicol 2009; 92:281 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.02.017; PMID: 19346012

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Burreau S, Axelman J, Broman D, Jakobsson E. Dietary uptake in pike (Esox lucius) of some polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated naphthalenes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers administered in natural diet. Environ Toxicol Chem 1997; 16:2508 - 13; http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<2508:DUIPEL>2.3.CO;2

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Burreau S, Broman D, Orn U. Tissue distribution of 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromo[14C]diphenyl ether ([14C]-PBDE 47) in pike (Esox lucius) after dietary exposure--a time series study using whole body autoradiography. Chemosphere 2000; 40:977 - 85; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00342-2; PMID: 10739035

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Cheng J, Mao L, Zhao Z, Shen M, Zhang S, Huang Q, Gao S. Bioaccumulation, depuration and biotransformation of 4,4′-dibromodiphenyl ether in crucian carp (Carassius auratus). Chemosphere 2012; 86:446 - 53; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.038; PMID: 22036552

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Garcia-Reyero N, Escalon BL, Prats E, Stanley JK, Thienpont B, Melby NL, Barón E, Eljarrat E, Barceló D, Mestres J, et al. Effects of BDE-209 contaminated sediments on zebrafish development and potential implications to human health. Environ Int 2014; 63:216 - 23; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.11.012; PMID: 24317228

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Kierkegaard A, Balk L, Tjarnlund U, De Wit CA, Jansson B. Dietary uptake and biological effects of decabromodiphenyl ether in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environ Sci Technol 1999; 33:1612 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9807082

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Kuiper RV, Murk AJ, Leonards PEG, Grinwis GCM, van den Berg M, Vos JG. In vivo and in vitro Ah-receptor activation by commercial and fractionated pentabromodiphenylether using zebrafish (Danio rerio) and the DR-CALUX assay. Aquat Toxicol 2006; 79:366 - 75; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.07.005; PMID: 16919340

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Kuo Y-M, Sepúlveda MS, Sutton TM, Ochoa-Acuña HG, Muir AM, Miller B, Hua I. Bioaccumulation and biotransformation of decabromodiphenyl ether and effects on daily growth in juvenile lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis). Ecotoxicology 2010; 19:751 - 60; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10646-009-0451-x; PMID: 20033485

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Nyholm JR, Norman A, Norrgren L, Haglund P, Andersson PL. Uptake and biotransformation of structurally diverse brominated flame retardants in zebrafish (Danio rerio) after dietary exposure. Environ Toxicol Chem 2009; 28:1035 - 42; http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/08-302.1; PMID: 19049262

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Munschy C, Héas-Moisan K, Tixier C, Olivier N, Gastineau O, Le Bayon N, Buchet V. Dietary exposure of juvenile common sole (Solea solea L.) to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): Part 1. Bioaccumulation and elimination kinetics of individual congeners and their debrominated metabolites. Environ Pollut 2011; 159:229 - 37; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.09.001; PMID: 20888677

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Munschy C, Héas-Moisan K, Tixier C, Pacepavicius G, Alaee M. Dietary exposure of juvenile common sole (Solea solea L.) to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): Part 2. Formation, bioaccumulation and elimination of hydroxylated metabolites. Environ Pollut 2010; 158:3527 - 33; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.08.021; PMID: 20864231

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Noyes PD, Kelly SM, Mitchelmore CL, Stapleton HM. Characterizing the in vitro hepatic biotransformation of the flame retardant BDE 99 by common carp. Aquat Toxicol 2010; 97:142 - 50; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.12.013; PMID: 20080306

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Noyes PD, Hinton DE, Stapleton HM. Accumulation and debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in juvenile fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) induces thyroid disruption and liver alterations. Toxicol Sci 2011; 122:265 - 74; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfr105; PMID: 21546348

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Noyes PD, Lema SC, Macaulay LJ, Douglas NK, Stapleton HM. Low level exposure to the flame retardant BDE-209 reduces thyroid hormone levels and disrupts thyroid signaling in fathead minnows. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:10012 - 21; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es402650x; PMID: 23899252

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Olsvik PA, Lie KK, Sturve J, Hasselberg L, Andersen OK. Transcriptional effects of nonylphenol, bisphenol A and PBDE-47 in liver of juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Chemosphere 2009; 75:360 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.12.039; PMID: 19167021

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Roberts SC, Noyes PD, Gallagher EP, Stapleton HM. Species-specific differences and structure-activity relationships in the debromination of PBDE congeners in three fish species. Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45:1999 - 2005; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es103934x; PMID: 21291240

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Stapleton HM, Brazil B, Holbrook RD, Mitchelmore CL, Benedict R, Konstantinov A, Potter D. In vivo and in vitro debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) by juvenile rainbow trout and common carp. Environ Sci Technol 2006; 40:4653 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es060573x; PMID: 16913120

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Stapleton HM, Alaee M, Letcher RJ, Baker JE. Debromination of the flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ether by juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio) following dietary exposure. Environ Sci Technol 2004; 38:112 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es034746j; PMID: 14740725

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Stapleton HM, Letcher RJ, Baker JE. Debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners BDE 99 and BDE 183 in the intestinal tract of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Environ Sci Technol 2004; 38:1054 - 61; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0348804; PMID: 14998018

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Stapleton HM, Letcher RJ, Li J, Baker JE. Dietary accumulation and metabolism of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio). Environ Toxicol Chem 2004; 23:1939 - 46; http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/03-462; PMID: 15352483

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wan Y, Liu F, Wiseman S, Zhang X, Chang H, Hecker M, Jones PD, Lam MH, Giesy JP. Interconversion of hydroxylated and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Japanese medaka. Environ Sci Technol 2010; 44:8729 - 35; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es102287q; PMID: 20973477

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zeng YH, Luo XJ, Chen HS, Yu LH, Chen SJ, Mai BX. Gastrointestinal absorption, metabolic debromination, and hydroxylation of three commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixtures by common carp. Environ Toxicol Chem 2012; 31:731 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.1716; PMID: 22170638

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wan Y, Zhang K, Dong Z, Hu J. Distribution is a major factor affecting bioaccumulation of decabrominated diphenyl ether: Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) as an example. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:2279 - 86; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es304926r; PMID: 23387833

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Tomy GT, Palace VP, Halldorson T, Braekevelt E, Danell R, Wautier K, Evans B, Brinkworth L, Fisk AT. Bioaccumulation, biotransformation, and biochemical effects of brominated diphenyl ethers in juvenile lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Environ Sci Technol 2004; 38:1496 - 504; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es035070v; PMID: 15046352

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Muirhead EK, Skillman AD, Hook SE, Schultz IR. Oral exposure of PBDE-47 in fish: toxicokinetics and reproductive effects in Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes) and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Environ Sci Technol 2006; 40:523 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0513178; PMID: 16468398

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Geyer HJ, Schramm KW, Darnerud PO, Aune M, Feight A, Fried KW, et al. Terminal elimination half-lives of the brominated flame retardants TBBPA, HBCD, and lower brominated PBDEs in humans. Organohal Comp 2004; 66.

 Google Scholar

Staskal DF, Diliberto JJ, DeVito MJ, Birnbaum LS. Toxicokinetics of BDE 47 in female mice: effect of dose, route of exposure, and time. Toxicol Sci 2005; 83:215 - 23; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfi018; PMID: 15509665

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

von Meyerinck L, Hufnagel B, Schmoldt A, Benthe HF. Induction of rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 by the pentabromo diphenyl ether Bromkal 70 and half-lives of its components in the adipose tissue. Toxicology 1990; 61:259 - 74; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-483X(90)90176-H; PMID: 2330598

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hakk H, Larsen G, Klasson-Wehler E. Tissue disposition, excretion and metabolism of 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) in the male Sprague-Dawley rat. Xenobiotica 2002; 32:369 - 82; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00498250110119117; PMID: 12065060

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Thuresson K, Höglund P, Hagmar L, Sjödin A, Bergman A, Jakobsson K. Apparent half-lives of hepta- to decabrominated diphenyl ethers in human serum as determined in occupationally exposed workers. Environ Health Perspect 2006; 114:176 - 81; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8350; PMID: 16451851

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Sandholm A, Emanuelsson BM, Wehler EK. Bioavailability and half-life of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in rat. Xenobiotica 2003; 33:1149 - 58; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00498250310001609156; PMID: 14660178

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Huwe JK, Smith DJ. Accumulation, whole-body depletion, and debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether in male sprague-dawley rats following dietary exposure. Environ Sci Technol 2007; 41:2371 - 7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es061954d; PMID: 17438789

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Chen Q, Yu L, Yang L, Zhou B. Bioconcentration and metabolism of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) result in thyroid endocrine disruption in zebrafish larvae. Aquat Toxicol 2012; 110-111:141 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.01.008; PMID: 22307006

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Chen TH, Cheng YM, Cheng JO, Chou CT, Hsiao YC, Ko FC. Growth and transcriptional effect of dietary 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47) exposure in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2010; 73:377 - 83; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.12.033; PMID: 20074802

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Dong W, Macaulay LJ, Kwok KWH, Hinton DE, Stapleton HM. Using whole mount in situ hybridization to examine thyroid hormone deiodinase expression in embryonic and larval zebrafish: a tool for examining OH-BDE toxicity to early life stages. Aquat Toxicol 2013; 132-133:190 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.02.008; PMID: 23531416

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Feng C, Xu Y, Zhao G, Zha J, Wu F, Wang Z. Relationship between BDE 209 metabolites and thyroid hormone levels in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquat Toxicol 2012; 122-123:28 - 35; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.05.008; PMID: 22721785

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Kuiper RV, Vethaak AD, Cantón RF, Anselmo H, Dubbeldam M, van den Brandhof EJ, Leonards PE, Wester PW, van den Berg M. Toxicity of analytically cleaned pentabromodiphenylether after prolonged exposure in estuarine European flounder (Platichthys flesus), and partial life-cycle exposure in fresh water zebrafish (Danio rerio). Chemosphere 2008; 73:195 - 202; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.079; PMID: 18556046

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Lema SC, Dickey JT, Schultz IR, Swanson P. Dietary exposure to 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47) alters thyroid status and thyroid hormone-regulated gene transcription in the pituitary and brain. Environ Health Perspect 2008; 116:1694 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11570; PMID: 19079722

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Li W, Zhu L, Zha J, Wang Z. Effects of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) on mRNA transcription of thyroid hormone pathway and spermatogenesis associated genes in Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus). Environ Toxicol 2014; 29:1 - 9; PMID: 21901812

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Morgado I, Hamers T, Van der Ven L, Power DM. Disruption of thyroid hormone binding to sea bream recombinant transthyretin by ioxinyl and polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Chemosphere 2007; 69:155 - 63; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.04.010; PMID: 17553549

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Yu L, Deng J, Shi X, Liu C, Yu K, Zhou B. Exposure to DE-71 alters thyroid hormone levels and gene transcription in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis of zebrafish larvae. Aquat Toxicol 2010; 97:226 - 33; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.10.022; PMID: 19945756

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Yu L, Lam JCW, Guo Y, Wu RSS, Lam PKS, Zhou B. Parental transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and thyroid endocrine disruption in zebrafish. Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45:10652 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es2026592; PMID: 22039834

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Chen X, Huang C, Wang X, Chen J, Bai C, Chen Y, Chen X, Dong Q, Yang D. BDE-47 disrupts axonal growth and motor behavior in developing zebrafish. Aquat Toxicol 2012; 120-121:35 - 44; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.04.014; PMID: 22609740

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Chen L, Huang C, Hu C, Yu K, Yang L, Zhou B. Acute exposure to DE-71: effects on locomotor behavior and developmental neurotoxicity in zebrafish larvae. Environ Toxicol Chem 2012; 31:2338 - 44; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.1958; PMID: 22833361

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Chen L, Yu K, Huang C, Yu L, Zhu B, Lam PKS, Lam JC, Zhou B. Prenatal transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) results in developmental neurotoxicity in zebrafish larvae. Environ Sci Technol 2012; 46:9727 - 34; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es302119g; PMID: 22866812

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Chen L, Hu C, Huang C, Wang Q, Wang X, Yang L, Zhou B. Alterations in retinoid status after long-term exposure to PBDEs in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquat Toxicol 2012; 120-121:11 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.04.010; PMID: 22580571

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

He J, Yang D, Wang C, Liu W, Liao J, Xu T, Bai C, Chen J, Lin K, Huang C, et al. Chronic zebrafish low dose decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) exposure affected parental gonad development and locomotion in F1 offspring. Ecotoxicology 2011; 20:1813 - 22; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10646-011-0720-3; PMID: 21695510

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Lema SC, Schultz IR, Scholz NL, Incardona JP, Swanson P. Neural defects and cardiac arrhythmia in fish larvae following embryonic exposure to 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 47). Aquat Toxicol 2007; 82:296 - 307; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.03.002; PMID: 17412433

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

McClain V, Stapleton HM, Tilton F, Gallagher EP. BDE 49 and developmental toxicity in zebrafish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 155:253 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.09.004; PMID: 21951712

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Timme-Laragy AR, Levin ED, Di Giulio RT. Developmental and behavioral effects of embryonic exposure to the polybrominated diphenylether mixture DE-71 in the killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus). Chemosphere 2006; 62:1097 - 104; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.05.037; PMID: 16045967

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Usenko CY, Robinson EM, Usenko S, Brooks BW, Bruce ED. PBDE developmental effects on embryonic zebrafish. Environ Toxicol Chem 2011; 30:1865 - 72; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.570; PMID: 21560146

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Han XB, Lei ENY, Lam MHW, Wu RSS. A whole life cycle assessment on effects of waterborne PBDEs on gene expression profile along the brain-pituitary-gonad axis and in the liver of zebrafish. Mar Pollut Bull 2011; 63:160 - 5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.04.001; PMID: 21549400

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Han XB, Yuen KWY, Wu RSS. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers affect the reproduction and development, and alter the sex ratio of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environ Pollut 2013; 182:120 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.06.045; PMID: 23906559

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Nyholm JR, Norman A, Norrgren L, Haglund P, Andersson PL. Maternal transfer of brominated flame retardants in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Chemosphere 2008; 73:203 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.033; PMID: 18514256

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Schultz I, Brown KH, Nagler JJ. Effect of parental exposure to trenbolone and the brominated flame retardant BDE-47 on fertility in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Mar Environ Res 2008; 66:47 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2008.02.018; PMID: 18397801

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Søfteland L, Petersen K, Stavrum AK, Wu T, Olsvik PA. Hepatic in vitro toxicity assessment of PBDE congeners BDE47, BDE153 and BDE154 in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquat Toxicol 2011; 105:246 - 63; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.03.012; PMID: 21767471

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

van de Merwe JP, Chan AKY, Lei ENY, Yau MS, Lam MHW, Wu RSS. Bioaccumulation and maternal transfer of PBDE 47 in the marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) following dietary exposure. Aquat Toxicol 2011; 103:199 - 204; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.02.021; PMID: 21481818

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar