Developing Galleria mellonella as a model host for human pathogens

Figures & data

Table 1. Differences in environment and experimental conditions during infection of G. mellonella larvae with bacterial and fungal pathogens

Pathogen	Source	Maintenance conditions	Post-treatment conditions			References
			Temperature	Food (Y/N)	Duration^a
Bacillus cereus	Not given	Stored at 25 °C, fed beeswax and pollen.	37 °C	Y	Oral inoculation, 24 h	11
		Starved 24 h before infection	37 °C	N	Oral inoculation, 48 h	12
Cryptococcus neoformans	Van der Horst Wholesale	Stored in the dark and used within 7 d from the day of shipment	37 °C and 30 °C	N	300 h	13
			37 °C and at RT		14 d	14
			37 °C		100 h	15
Aspergillus fumigatus	Meal Worm Company	Stored with wood shavings in the dark at 15 °C. Used within 3 wks	30 °C	N	4–5 d	16 and 17
	Van der Horst Wholesale	Stored in wood shavings in the dark at 22 °C prior to use	37 °C in a moist chamber		12 d	18
Aspergillus flavus	Sunfish Bait Company	Artificial diet^b	22 °C	Y	Until moribund	19
	Peterborough Live Bait		30 °C	N	Topical application, 10 d	20
Candida albicans	Meal Worm Company	Stored in wood shavings in the dark at 15 °C. Used within 3 wks	30 °C	N	72 h	21
					48 h	22
	Sunfish Bait Company	Stored in the dark and used within 7 d from the day of shipment	37 °C		100 h	23
Acinetobacter baumannii	Sunfish Bait Company	Stored in the dark and used within 7 d from the day of shipment	37 °C and 30 °C	N	6 d	24
	Livefood UK Ltd.	Stored in the dark on woodchips at room temperature	37 °C in dark		24 h	25
		Stored at 15 °C in wood shavings prior to use	37 °C		96 h	26
	No source given		37 °C		3 d	27
	Van der Horst Wholesale	Stored in the dark and used within 7 d from the day of shipment	37 °C in dark		6 d	28
Listeria monocytogenes	Larvae reared from eggs	Artificial diet^b	30 °C	N	7 d	29
	Livefood UK Ltd.	Stored in the dark on woodchips at room temperature	37 °C		Injection into hind right pro-leg, 5 d	30
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Van der Horst Wholesale	N/A	25 °C	N	60 h	31–33
			37 °C		4 d	34
Staphylococcus aureus	Van der Horst Wholesale	Stored in the dark and used within 7 d from the day of shipment	30 °C and 37 °C	N	150 h	35
	Livefood UK Ltd.		25 °C, 30 °C, and 37 °C		120 h	36
Streptococcus pyogenes	Biosuppliers	Stored at RT in the dark with food, used within 2 weeks	37 °C	N	5 d	6
	Best Bet Inc.	Stored in the dark at 10–12 °C and used within 10 d	37 °C and 0.5% CO2	Y	96 h	7
Enterococcus faecium	No source given		37 °C	N	72 h	37
	Larvae reared from eggs	Artificial diet^b	N/A		50 h	38
	Larvae reared from eggs	Stored at 25 °C, fed beeswax and pollen	37 °C		2–5 d	39

^a All infections of G. mellonella were conducted by injection in the hindmost left proleg at fifth or sixth instar, unless otherwise noted in duration section. ^bArtificial diet = 22% maize meal, 22% wheat germ, 11% dry yeast, 17.5% beeswax, 11% honey, and 11% glycerin.

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