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People, Place, and Region

Livelihood Shifts and Gender Performances: Space and the Negotiation for Labor among East Africa's Pastoralists

Pages 1068-1081 | Received 01 Dec 2011, Accepted 01 Mar 2014, Published online: 21 Jul 2014
 

Abstract

In the last few decades there has been a distinct shift in Masai pastoral livelihoods in Kenya's rangelands, creating new livelihood activities and new gendered demands on labor. This article builds on new feminist political ecologies (FPEs) that incorporate recent developments in postructuralist and performative theorizations of gender. I extend new FPE theoretically, through the incorporation of Arendt's theory of action, especially her theorization of plurality. Plurality allows us to capture the unique dynamics of the performance of negotiation for labor control displayed by Masai husbands and wives. I also extend FPE empirically, through the examination of an African and pastoralist context. I pay attention to the role that space plays in the process of negotiating gendered inequality. Based on forty in-depth interviews complemented by ethnographic fieldwork, the research demonstrates that the women and men interviewed are deeply aware of how space conveys particular meanings during negotiations. In all instances, the effectiveness of each man and woman's performance cannot be understood outside of this spatial context. As pastoral livelihoods shift, the boundaries of what it means to be a Masai are pushed. In this context, the disciplinary power of culture and the meanings of gender become destabilized, allowing for a renegotiation and forging of gender norms and subjectivities.

过去数十年来, 马塞族人于肯亚牧场中的乡村生活有了显着的转变, 创造了新的生计活动与崭新的性别化劳动需求。本文建立于整合后结构与展演性别理论的晚近发展的新女性主义政治生态学 (FPEs) 之上。我将透过纳入汉娜鄂兰的行动理论, 特别是她对多元性的理论化工作, 以此在理论上延伸新 FPE。多元性让我们捕捉马塞族丈夫和妻子所展现的劳动控制协商展演的特殊动态。我同时透过检视非洲放牧的脉络, 在经验上延伸 FPE。我将关注空间在协商性别化不均的过程中所扮演的角色。本研究根据四十个深度访谈, 并以民族志田野工作补充之, 展示受访的男性及女性皆深刻地意识到空间如何在协商时传达特定的意义。在所有的场合中, 每位男性与女性的展演有效性, 无法在此空间脉络之外被理解。随着放牧生计的转变, 身为马塞族人的意义边界受到了推移。在此脉络中, 文化的规训权力与性别的意涵受到了鬆动, 允许性别常规与主体性的再协商与打造。

Durante las pocas décadas anteriores ha ocurrido una notable transformación en el sistema de vida pastoral masai de Kenia, en las tierras de pastaje abierto, generando nuevas actividades de subsistencia y nuevas exigencias por género en el trabajo. Este artículo es una construcción más a las nuevas ecologías políticas feministas (FPEs) que utilizan desarrollos recientes en teorizaciones posestructuralistas y representacionales de género. Amplío teóricamente la nueva FPE con la incorporación de la teoría de la acción de Arendt, en especial su formulación de la pluralidad. La pluralidad nos permite captar la singular dinámica del papel de la negociación en el control laboral que exhiben los esposos y esposas masai. También contribuyo al desarrollo de la FPE empíricamente, por medio del examen de un contexto africano y pastoralista. Concentro mi atención sobre el papel que juega el espacio en el proceso de discutir la desigualdad por género. Con base en cuarenta entrevistas a profundidad, complementadas con trabajo de campo etnográfico, la investigación pone de manifiesto que las mujeres y varones entrevistados están profundamente conscientes de la manera como el espacio transmite significaciones particulares durante las discusiones. En todos los casos, la efectividad de la representación de cada hombre y mujer no puede entenderse por fuera de este contexto espacial. A medida que los sistemas de subsistencia se transforman, los límites de lo que significa ser masai son presionados. En tal contexto, el poder disciplinario de la cultura y los significados de género se desestabilizan, permitiendo así una renegociación y formulación de reglas de género y subjetividades.

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Dr. Thomas Smucker and four anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on earlier drafts. Audiences in several conference and colloquia sessions offered additional insights at several stages during the research. The editorial support and guidance provided by Dr. Richard Wright led to additional improvements in the article.

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