Livelihood Shifts and Gender Performances: Space and the Negotiation for Labor among East Africa's Pastoralists

References

• Arendt, H. 1959. The human condition. Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, D., and J. Binnie. 1994. All hyped up and no place to go. Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography 1:31–47.
   Google Scholar
• Blunt, A., and R. Dowling. 2006. Home. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Brickell, K. 2012. “Mapping” and “doing” critical geographies of home. Progress in Human Geography 36:225–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BurnSilver, S. 2009. Pathways of continuity and change: Maasai livelihoods in Amboseli, Kajiado District, Kenya. In Staying Maasai? Livelihoods, conservation and development in East African rangelands, ed. K. Homewood, P. Kristjanson, and P.C. Trench, 161–208. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, J. 1990. Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, J. 1993. Bodies that matter: On the discursive limits of sex. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, J. 1997. Excitable speech. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, J. 1999. Performativity's social magic. In Bourdieu: A critical reader, ed. R. Shusterman, 113–28. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Butt, B., A. Shortridge, and A.M. G. A. WinklerPrins. 2009. Pastoral herd management, drought coping strategies, and cattle mobility in southern Kenya. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 99:309–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, D.J. 1981. Land-use competition at the margins of the rangelands: An issue in development strategies for semi-arid areas. In Planning African development, ed. G. Norcliffe and T. Pinfold, 39–61. London: Croom Helm.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, D.J. 1999. Response to drought among farmers and herders in southern Kajiado District, Kenya: A comparison of 1972–1976 and 1994–1995. Human Ecology 27:377–416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, D.J., D.P. Lusch, T.A. Smucker, and E.E. Wangui. 2005. Multiple methods in the study of driving forces of land use and land cover change: A case study of SE Kajiado District, Kenya. Human Ecology 33:763–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carney, J. 2004. Gender conflict in Gambian wetlands. In Liberation ecologies: Environment, development, social movements, ed. R. Peet and M. Watts, 316–36. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Carney, J., and M. Watts. 1991. Disciplining women? Rice, mechanization, and the evolution of Mandika gender relations in Senegambia. Signs 16:651–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chant, S. 2000. Men in crisis? Reflections on masculinities, work and family in north-west Costa Rica. European Journal of Development Research 12:199–218.
   Google Scholar
• Chant, S. 2002. Debate: Researching gender and households in Latin America: From the 20th into the 21st century. Bulletin of Latin American Research 21:545–75.
   Google Scholar
• Chieni, T., and P. Spencer. 1993. The world of Telelia: Reflections of a Maasai woman in Matapato. In Being Maasai: Ethnicity and identity in East Africa, ed. T. Spear and R. Waller, 157–73. Athens: Ohio University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Domosh, M. 1998. Geography and gender: Home, again? Progress in Human Geography 22:276–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmhirst, R. 2011a. Introducing new feminist political ecologies. Geoforum 42:129–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmhirst, R. 2011b. Migrant pathways to resource access in Lampung's political forest: Gender, citizenship and creative conjugality. Geoforum 42:173–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evangelou, P. 1984. Livestock development in Kenya's Maasailand: Pastoralists’ transition to a market economy. Boulder, CO: Westview.
   Google Scholar
• Flintan, F. 2008. Women's empowerment in pastoral societies. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/gender_format.pdf (last 21 accessed July 2009).
   Google Scholar
• Ge, J., B.P. Resurreccion, and R. Elmhirst. 2011. Return migration and the reiteration of gender norms in gender water management politics: Insights from a Chinese village. Geoforum 42:133–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman, M. 2009. Constructing connectivity: Conservation corridors and conservation politics in East African rangelands. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 99:335–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregson, N., and G. Rose. 2000. Taking Butler elsewhere: Performativities, spatialities and subjectivities. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 18:433–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gururani, S. 2002. Forests of pleasure and pain: Gendered practices of labor and livelihood in the forests of the Kumaon Himalayas, India. Gender, Place & Culture 9:229–43.
   Google Scholar
• Haller, A. 2003. Art of the demolition derby: Gender, space and antiproduction. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 21:761–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, L. 2006. Irrigation, gender, and social geographies of the changing waterscapes of southeastern Anatolia. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 24:187–213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgson, D.L. 1999a. Images and interventions: The problems of pastoralist development. In The poor are not us: Poverty and pastoralism in Eastern Africa, ed. D. Anderson and V. Broch-Due, 221–39. Athens: Ohio University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hodgson, D.L. 1999b. Pastoralism, patriarchy and history: Changing gender relations among Maasai in Tanganyika, 1890–1940. The Journal of African History 40:41–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homewood, K., P. Kristjanson, and P.C. Trench, eds. 2010. Staying Maasai?: Livelihoods, conservation and development in East African rangelands. New York: Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Kabeer, N. 1999. Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women's empowerment. Development and Change 30:435–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandiyoti, D. 1988. Bargaining with patriarchy. Gender & Society 2:274–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kipury, N. 1989. Maasai women in transition: Class and gender in the transformation of a pastoral society. PhD dissertation, Temple University, Philadelphia.
   Google Scholar
• Kristjanson, P., A. Waters-Bayer, N. Johnson, A. Tipilda, J. Njuki, I. Baltenweck, D. Grace, and S. MacMillan. 2010. Livestock and women's livelihoods: A review of the recent evidence. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI.
   Google Scholar
• Kurtz, H.E. 2007. Gender and environmental justice in Louisiana: Blurring the boundaries of public and private spheres. Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography 14:409–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llewelyn-Davies, M. 1981. Women, warriors and patriarchs. In Sexual meanings: The cultural construction of gender and sexuality, ed. S. Ortner and H. Whitehead, 330–58. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd, M. 1999. Performativity, parody and politics. Theory, Culture and Society: Explorations in Critical Social Science 16:195–213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longhurst, R. 2000. “Corporeographies” of pregnancy: “Bikini babes.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 18:453–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovell, E. 2011. , Athens, OH.
   Google Scholar
• Mahoney, M.A., and B. Yngvesson. 1992. The construction of subjectivity and the paradox of resistance: Reintegrating feminist anthropology and psychology. Signs 18:44–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell, L. 1995. Body work: Heterosexual gender performances in city workplaces. In Mapping desire: Geographies of sexualities, ed. D. Bell and G. Valentine, 75–95. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• McNay, L. 1999. Subject, psyche and agency: The work of Judith Butler. Theory, Culture and Society: Explorations in Critical Social Science 16:175–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitzlaff, U.V. 1994. Maasai women: Life in a patriarchal society. Field research among the Parakuyo, Tanzania. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Tanzania Publishing House.
   Google Scholar
• Mkutu, K.A. 2008. Uganda: Pastoral conflict & gender relations. Review of African Political Economy 35:237–54.
   Google Scholar
• Mollett, S., and C. Faria. 2013. Messing with gender in feminist political ecology. Geoforum 45:116–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, L. 1999. Bodies (and spaces) do matter: The limits of performativity. Gender, Place & Culture 6:331–53.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, L. 2014. Engaging Butler: Subjects, cernment and ongoing limits of performativity. In Performativity, politics, and the production of social space, ed. M.R. Glass and R.S. Rose-Redwood, 62–94. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ngumbi, E. 2011. Educational experiences of young Maasai women in Kajiado District, Kenya: A phenomenological case study of Enoomatasiani Girls Secondary School. PhD dissertation, College of Education, Athens, OH: Ohio University
   Google Scholar
• Niamir-Fuller, M. 1994. Women livestock managers in the third world: A focus on technical issues related to gender roles in livestock production. IFAD, Working Staff Paper 18. Rome, Italy: International Fund for Agricultural Development.
   Google Scholar
• Nightingale, A.J. 2006. The nature of gender: Work, gender and environment. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 24:165–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nightingale, A.J. 2011. Bounding difference: Intersectionality and the material production of gender, caste, class and environment in Nepal. Geoforum 42:153–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padmanabhan, M. 2008. Pastoral women as strategic and tactical agents in conflicts: Negotiating access to resources and gender relations in Afar, Ethiopia. Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture 47:239–66.
   Google Scholar
• Pratt, G. 2004. Working feminism. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rocheleau, D.E. 2008. Political ecology in the key of policy. Geoforum 39:716–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocheleau, D.E., B.P. Thomas-Slayter, and E. Wangari. 1996. Feminist political ecology: Global issues and local experiences. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Roldan, M. 1988. Renegotiating the marital contract: Intrahousehold patterns of money allocation and women's subordination among domestic outworkers in Mexico City. In A home divided: Women and income in the Third World, ed. D. Dwyer and J. Bruce, 229–47. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rose, G. 1999. Performing space. In Human geography today, ed. D. Massey, H. Allen, and P. Sarre, 247–59. Cambridge, UK: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Saibull, S.O., and R. Carr. 1981. Herd and spear. London: Collins and Harvill.
   Google Scholar
• Salih, S., with J. Butler. 2004. The Judith Butler reader. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder, R.A. 1999. Shady practices: Agroforestry and gender politics in the Gambia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder, R.A., and K. Suryanata. 2004. Gender and class power in agroforestry systems: Case studies from Indonesia and West Africa. In Liberation ecologies: Environment, development, social movements, ed. R. Peet and M. Watts, 299–315. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Spear, T.T., and R. Waller. 1993. Being Maasai: Ethnicity and identity in East Africa. Athens: Ohio University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Spencer, P. 1998. The pastoral continuum: The marginalization of tradition in East Africa. Oxford, UK: Clarendon.
   Google Scholar
• Sultana, F. 2011. Suffering for water, suffering from water: Emotional geographies of resource access, control and conflict. Geoforum 42:163–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talle, A. 1987. Women as heads of houses: The organization of production and the role of women among the pastoral Maasai in Kenya. Ethnos 52:50–80.
   Google Scholar
• Talle, A. 1988. Women at a loss: Changes in Maasai pastoralism and their effects on gender relations. PhD dissertation, Department of Social Anthropology, Stockholm, Sweden: University of Stockholm.
   Google Scholar
• Tignor, R. 1976. The colonial transformation of Kenya: The Kamba, Kikuyu and the Masai, 1900–1939. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Truelove, Y. 2011. (Re-)conceptualizing water inequality in Delhi, India through a feminist political ecology framework. Geoforum 42:143–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, S., and D. Manderson. 2007. Socialisation in a space of law: Student performativity at “Coffee House” in a university law faculty. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 25:761–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Blerk, L. 2011. Negotiating boundaries: The sex work identities of “bar girls” in Nazareth, Ethiopia. Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography 18:217–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wangari, E., B. Thomas-Slayter, and D. Rocheleau. 1996. Gendered visions for survival: Semi-arid regions in Kenya. In Feminist political ecology, ed. D. Rocheleau, B. Thomas-Slayter, and E. Wangari, 127–54. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Wangui, E.E. 2003. Links between gendered division of labour and land uses in Kajiado District, Kenya. Land Use Change Impact and Dynamics East Africa Working Paper No. 23. http://www.lucideastafrica.org/publications/wangui_LUCID_WP23.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wangui, E.E. 2008. Development interventions, changing livelihoods, and the making of female Maasai pastoralists. Agriculture and Human Values 25:365–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wangui, E.E. 2012. Gendered dimensions of pastoralist livelihood change: A case study of Loitokitok District, Kenya. In Environment and development: Selected themes from eastern and southern Africa, ed. A. Musyoki and M. Khayesi, 205–30. Gaborone, Botswana: Bay Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Whitson, R. 2010. “The reality of today has required us to change”: Negotiating gender through informal work in contemporary Argentina. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 100:159–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar